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Apoe−/− mice, or Apolipoprotein E knockout mice, are a genetically modified mouse model widely used in biomedical research. The Apolipoprotein E (ApoE) gene is crucial for lipid metabolism, and its absence in these mice leads to the development of atherosclerosis, making them an invaluable model for studying cardiovascular diseases, lipid metabolism disorders, and neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer’s.

=== Apolipoprotein E (ApoE) Gene ===
ApoE is a protein involved in the metabolism of fats in the body. It plays a crucial role in the formation of lipoproteins, which are responsible for transporting cholesterol and other fats through the bloodstream. In humans, there are three major isoforms of ApoE (E2, E3, and E4), each with a different impact on lipid metabolism and cardiovascular and neurological health.

=== Atherosclerosis in Apoe−/− Mice ===
Apoe−/− mice are prone to developing atherosclerosis, a condition characterized by the accumulation of cholesterol, fats, and other substances in and on the artery walls (plaques), which can restrict blood flow. These mice exhibit elevated plasma cholesterol levels and spontaneously develop atherosclerotic lesions, mimicking the human pathology of atherosclerosis. This makes them an ideal model for studying the mechanisms underlying the development and progression of atherosclerosis and for testing potential therapeutic interventions.

=== Alzheimer’s Disease and Apoe−/− Mice ===
Beyond cardiovascular research, Apoe−/− mice are also instrumental in studying Alzheimer’s disease (AD). ApoE is implicated in the pathogenesis of AD, with the E4 isoform being a major genetic risk factor for the disease. Apoe−/− mice are used to investigate the role of ApoE in amyloid-beta deposition, one of the hallmarks of AD, and to explore new therapeutic strategies for preventing or treating Alzheimer’s disease.
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