Isoleucine: Difference between revisions

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 In the human body, isoleucine is involved in muscle metabolism and is heavily concentrated in muscle tissue. It is also significant in hemoglobin synthesis and regulation of blood sugar and energy levels. Isoleucine's role as a BCAA makes it vital for repairing muscle tissue, especially after exercise, and in the maintenance of healthy muscle mass, which tends to decline with age.
-== Insulin Resistance ==
+==Dietary Sources==
-Isoleucine, like other branched-chain amino acids, is associated with insulin resistance: higher levels of isoleucine are observed in the blood of diabetic mice, rats, and humans.{{pmid|25287287}} In diet-induced obese and insulin resistant mice, a diet with decreased levels of isoleucine (with or without the other branched-chain amino acids) results in reduced adiposity and improved insulin sensitivity.{{pmid|29266268}}{{pmid|33887198}} Reduced dietary levels of isoleucine are required for the beneficial metabolic effects of a [[wikipedia:Low-protein_diet|low protein diet]].{{pmid|33887198}} In humans, a protein restricted diet lowers blood levels of isoleucine and decreases fasting blood glucose levels.{{pmid|27346343}} Mice fed a low isoleucine diet are leaner, live longer, and are less frail.{{pmid|37939658}} In humans, higher dietary levels of isoleucine are associated with greater [[wikipedia:Body_mass_index|body mass index]].{{pmid|33887198}}
+Isoleucine is a peptide-bound component of both animal and plant proteins. The following examples refer to 100&nbsp;g of the food item, with the percentage of isoleucine in the total protein also given.<ref>[http://www.ars.usda.gov/ba/bhnrc/ndl Nutrient Database] of the [[United States Department of Agriculture|US Department of Agriculture]], 21st Edition.</ref>
+{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:right"
+! class="unsortable" |Food!!Protein!!Isoleucine!!Percentage
+|-
+| style="text-align:left" |Beef
+|21.26 g
+|967 mg
+|4.5 %
+|-
+| style="text-align:left" |Chicken Breast Fillet
+|23.09 g
+|1219 mg
+|5.3 %
+|-
+| style="text-align:left" | Salmon
+|20.42 g
+|968 mg
+|4.7 %
+|-
+| style="text-align:left" |Chicken Egg
+|12.58 g
+|672 mg
+|5.3 %
+|-
+| style="text-align:left" |Cow's Milk, 3.7% Fat
+|3.28 g
+|198 mg
+|6.0 %
+|-
+| style="text-align:left" |Walnuts
+|15.23 g
+|625 mg
+|4.1 %
+|-
+| style="text-align:left" |Whole Wheat Flour
+|13.70 g
+|508 mg
+| 3.7 %
+|-
+| style="text-align:left" |Whole Grain Cornmeal
+|6.93 g
+|248 mg
+|3.6 %
+|-
+| style="text-align:left" |Brown Rice
+|7.94 g
+|336 mg
+|4.2 %
+|-
+| style="text-align:left" |Dried Peas
+|24.55 g
+|1014 mg
+|4.1 %
+|}All these foods contain almost exclusively chemically bound <small>L</small>-Isoleucine as a protein component, but in their raw state, they contain no free <small>L</small>-Isoleucine.
+== Isoleucine and Longevity ==
+Recent studies have shown that isoleucine plays a significant role in the aging process, particularly in the context of metabolic health and lifespan extension.
+=== Insulin Resistance ===
+Isoleucine, like other branched-chain amino acids, is associated with insulin resistance: higher levels of isoleucine are observed in the blood of diabetic mice, rats, and humans.{{pmid|25287287}} In diet-induced obese and insulin resistant mice, a diet with decreased levels of isoleucine (with or without the other branched-chain amino acids) results in reduced adiposity and improved insulin sensitivity.{{pmid|29266268}}{{pmid|33887198}} Reduced dietary levels of isoleucine are required for the beneficial metabolic effects of a low protein diet.{{pmid|33887198}} In humans, a protein restricted diet lowers blood levels of isoleucine and decreases fasting blood glucose levels.{{pmid|27346343}} In humans, higher dietary levels of isoleucine are associated with greater body mass index.{{pmid|33887198}}
+[[File:isoleucine Restriction in UM-HET3 mice.jpg|thumb|Isoleucine restriction in UM-HET3 mice<br>(Low ILE = Low isoleucine, Low AA = Low amino acid)]]
+=== Isoleucine Restriction ===
+Recent research has revealed that dietary isoleucine restriction (IleR) by 67% can have significant effects on metabolic health and lifespan, particularly in genetically heterogeneous UM-HET3 mice. Implemented in 9-week-old mice, IleR has been shown to promote leanness and improve glycemic control across genders. Additionally, it has been noted to cause sex-specific reprogramming of hepatic metabolism.{{pmid|37939658}}<ref>https://www.lifespan.io/news/isoleucine-restriction-boosts-lifespan-in-mice/</ref>
+In male mice, a 33% increase in median lifespan was observed, along with a notable increase in maximum lifespan when compared to control groups. These findings are some of the most significant among interventions tested in rodent models. For female mice, the increase in maximum lifespan was more modest, at 7%. Correspondingly, male mice under IleR also experienced significantly reduced levels of frailty compared to their counterparts. The study also addresses mortality causes, indicating that while cancer accounts for the majority of deaths in HET3 mice, male mice on an IleR diet were considerably less likely to develop cancer, a benefit not as evident in female mice.
+These findings suggest that isoleucine restriction, or pharmacological agents that replicate its effects, may offer a promising [[Geroprotection|geroprotective]] strategy, potentially enhancing healthspan and longevity. Such findings underscore the significant role of isoleucine in diet and aging and point to its viability as a target for both nutritional and pharmacological interventions in gerontology.
-== Isoleucine and Longevity ==
 == See Also ==
+* Wikipedia - [[Wikipedia:Isoleucine|Isoleucine]]
 *
-== Todo ==
+*
-* {{pmid text|37939658}}
 == References ==
 <references />
 [[Category:Lifespan Reducing]]