2,851
edits
Caloric Restriction: Difference between revisions
→Todo
No edit summary |
(→Todo) |
||
| Line 70: | Line 70: | ||
Plasma levels of thyroid hormones Triiodothyronine (T<sub>3</sub>), Thyroxine (T<sub>4</sub>), and Thyroid-stimulating Hormone (TSH) were measured in Rhesus monkeys (''Macaca mulatta'') subjected to a 30% CR (caloric restriction) diet. The plasma T<sub>3</sub> level decreased compared to the control group. Given the impact of the thyroid axis on metabolism, this could be a mechanism through which a CR diet mediates its health benefits.{{pmid|12189585}} | Plasma levels of thyroid hormones Triiodothyronine (T<sub>3</sub>), Thyroxine (T<sub>4</sub>), and Thyroid-stimulating Hormone (TSH) were measured in Rhesus monkeys (''Macaca mulatta'') subjected to a 30% CR (caloric restriction) diet. The plasma T<sub>3</sub> level decreased compared to the control group. Given the impact of the thyroid axis on metabolism, this could be a mechanism through which a CR diet mediates its health benefits.{{pmid|12189585}} | ||
[[Category:Lifespan Extending]] | [[Category:Lifespan Extending]] | ||
== Calorie Restriction Mimetics == | |||
Even if human studies prove a positive effect of calorie restriction on human life expectancy, the necessary reduction in [[food energy]] intake over the corresponding duration and degree is not practical or desired for the majority of people. | |||
Therefore, so-called ''[[Calorie Restriction Mimetics]]''{{Google Book |BookID=55ouBAAAQBAJ |Page=56}} (CR mimetics) are also being researched. The goal of this strategy is to discover compounds that mimic the effects of calorie restriction in the human body, for example by acting on the same metabolic pathways, without the need for actual restriction of food energy intake.{{pmid|24079773}} | |||
However, further studies are required to determine whether calorie restriction mimetics actually have an impact on human life expectancy.{{pmid|17341713}} | |||
=== Potential Calorie Restriction Mimetics === | |||
According to Ingram, various substances are considered as mimetics of calorie restriction in the human body: | |||
[[2-Deoxy-D-glucose|2-Deoxy-<small>D</small>-glucose]] can initiate [[Ketogenesis|ketogenesis]]{{pmid|21747957}}, makes rats gain slightly less body weight than control animals and leads to a significant reduction in body temperature and fasting serum insulin levels, thereby simulating certain effects of calorie restriction.{{DOI|10.1089/rej.1.1998.1.327}} | |||
[[Metformin]], an orally administered [[antidiabetic]], reduces cancer incidence in rats and slows the progression of the disease. It also reduces the occurrence of cardiovascular diseases and extends lifespan.{{pmid|20304770}} | |||
[[Glipizide]], like Metformin, is an orally administered [[antidiabetic]] that helps control blood sugar levels. It works by partially blocking the potassium channels of the beta cells of the [[Islets of Langerhans]].{{pmid|6369967}} | |||
[[Rosiglitazone]] prevents fatty acid-induced insulin resistance by reducing the glucose infusion rate and improves insulin-mediated suppression of hepatic glucose production. It also improves the systemic elimination of non-esterified fatty acids.{{pmid|15232684}} | |||
[[Pioglitazone]], like Rosiglitazone, belongs to the class of substances known as Thiazolidinediones/Glitazones. | |||
Soy [[Isoflavones]] appear to have cardioprotective effects similar to those of calorie restriction, such as reducing LDL cholesterol, inhibiting pro-inflammatory [[cytokines]], stimulating [[nitric oxide]] production, potentially reducing LDL particles, inhibiting platelet aggregation, and improving vascular reactivity.{{Literature |Author=[[Gerald Rimbach]], Christine Boesch-Saadatmandi, Jan Frank, Dagmar Fuchs, Uwe Wenzel, Hannelore Daniel, Wendy L. Hall, Peter D. Weinberg |Title=Dietary isoflavones in the prevention of cardiovascular disease – A molecular perspective |Journal=Food and Chemical Toxicology |Volume=46 |Number=4 |Date=2008-04 |Pages=1308 |DOI=10.1016/j.fct.2007.06.029 |PMID=17689850}} | |||
[[Resveratrol]] increases the survival rate of obese mice compared to a control group of lean, untreated animals. Adding Resveratrol to the diet of lean mice, however, does not further increase lifespan.{{pmid|21261652}} | |||
[[Rimonabant]] belongs to the [[Cannabinoids|endocannabinoids]], cannabis-like substances that can regulate appetite and energy balance. Rimonabant is a cannabinoid-1 receptor blocker. By overstimulating the endocannabinoid receptor in the [[hypothalamus]], it stimulates [[fatty acid synthesis]] (lipogenesis), presumably by increasing [[adiponectin]] levels. This lipogenesis reduces intra-abdominal fat. Rimonabant also improves the lipid profile and glucose tolerance.{{Citation needed}} | |||
[[Adiponectin]], a hormone secreted by fat cells, reduces insulin resistance in obese mice by reducing triglyceride content in muscles and liver.{{pmid|11479627}} | |||
[[Sirolimus]]/Rapamycin, when administered to mice with food, inhibits the mTOR pathway and resulted in a significantly increased lifespan compared to control mice.{{pmid|21629433}} | |||
[[Acipimox]] inhibits the release of fatty acids from adipose tissue and reduces the blood concentration of LDL particles, along with a reduction in triglyceride and cholesterol levels.{{Citation needed}} | |||
== Todo == | == Todo == | ||