Caloric Restriction: Difference between revisions

* [[2-Deoxy-D-glucose|2-Deoxy-<small>D</small>-glucose]] can initiate [[Ketogenesis|ketogenesis]]{{pmid|21747957}}, makes rats gain slightly less body weight than control animals and leads to a significant reduction in body temperature and fasting serum insulin levels, thereby simulating certain effects of calorie restriction.{{DOI|10.1089/rej.1.1998.1.327}}

* [[Metformin]], an orally administered [[antidiabetic]], reduces cancer incidence in rats and slows the progression of the disease. It also reduces the occurrence of cardiovascular diseases and extends lifespan.{{pmid|20304770}}

* [[Glipizide]], like Metformin, is an orally administered [[antidiabetic]] that helps control blood sugar levels. It works by partially blocking the potassium channels of the beta cells of the [[Islets of Langerhans]].{{pmid|6369967}}

* [[Rosiglitazone]] prevents fatty acid-induced insulin resistance by reducing the glucose infusion rate and improves insulin-mediated suppression of hepatic glucose production. It also improves the systemic elimination of non-esterified fatty acids.{{pmid|15232684}}

* [[Pioglitazone]], like Rosiglitazone, belongs to the class of substances known as Thiazolidinediones/Glitazones.

* Soy [[Isoflavones]] appear to have cardioprotective effects similar to those of calorie restriction, such as reducing LDL cholesterol, inhibiting pro-inflammatory [[cytokines]], stimulating [[nitric oxide]] production, potentially reducing LDL particles, inhibiting platelet aggregation, and improving vascular reactivity.{{Literature |Author=[[Gerald Rimbach]], Christine Boesch-Saadatmandi, Jan Frank, Dagmar Fuchs, Uwe Wenzel, Hannelore Daniel, Wendy L. Hall, Peter D. Weinberg |Title=Dietary isoflavones in the prevention of cardiovascular disease – A molecular perspective |Journal=Food and Chemical Toxicology |Volume=46 |Number=4 |Date=2008-04 |Pages=1308 |DOI=10.1016/j.fct.2007.06.029 |PMID=17689850}}

* [[Resveratrol]] increases the survival rate of obese mice compared to a control group of lean, untreated animals. Adding Resveratrol to the diet of lean mice, however, does not further increase lifespan.{{pmid|21261652}}

* [[Rimonabant]] belongs to the [[Cannabinoids|endocannabinoids]], cannabis-like substances that can regulate appetite and energy balance. Rimonabant is a cannabinoid-1 receptor blocker. By overstimulating the endocannabinoid receptor in the [[hypothalamus]], it stimulates [[fatty acid synthesis]] (lipogenesis), presumably by increasing [[adiponectin]] levels. This lipogenesis reduces intra-abdominal fat. Rimonabant also improves the lipid profile and glucose tolerance.{{Citation needed}}

* [[Adiponectin]], a hormone secreted by fat cells, reduces insulin resistance in obese mice by reducing triglyceride content in muscles and liver.{{pmid|11479627}}

* [[Sirolimus]]/Rapamycin, when administered to mice with food, inhibits the mTOR pathway and resulted in a significantly increased lifespan compared to control mice.{{pmid|21629433}}

* [[Acipimox]] inhibits the release of fatty acids from adipose tissue and reduces the blood concentration of LDL particles, along with a reduction in triglyceride and cholesterol levels.{{Citation needed}}