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'''Quercetin''' is a naturally occurring flavonoid found in a wide variety of fruits, vegetables, and grains. It is one of the most abundant antioxidants in the human diet and plays a significant role in helping to protect cells from damage caused by free radicals.
[[File:Quercetin.svg|right|frameless]]
'''Quercetin''' is a naturally occurring flavonoid found in a wide variety of fruits, vegetables, and grains. It is one of the most abundant [[Antioxidant|antioxidants]] in the human diet and plays a significant role in helping to protect cells from damage caused by free radicals.


Quercetin belongs to the class of polyphenolic compounds known as flavonoids, recognized for their diverse biological activities. It is a pigment that is responsible, in part, for the colors of many fruits, vegetables, and flowers. Structurally, quercetin is characterized by the presence of a 15-carbon skeleton consisting of two phenyl rings and a heterocyclic ring.
Quercetin belongs to the class of polyphenolic compounds known as flavonoids, recognized for their diverse biological activities. It is a pigment that is responsible, in part, for the colors of many fruits, vegetables, and flowers. Structurally, quercetin is characterized by the presence of a 15-carbon skeleton consisting of two phenyl rings and a heterocyclic ring.
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The term "quercetin" is derived from ''quercetum'' (oak forest), reflecting its presence in oak trees. It was first isolated in 1857 by the Austrian chemist Heinrich Hlasiwetz. Since its discovery, quercetin has been the subject of extensive research, with numerous studies exploring its potential health benefits, primarily due to its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antiviral, and anticancer properties.
The term "quercetin" is derived from ''quercetum'' (oak forest), reflecting its presence in oak trees. It was first isolated in 1857 by the Austrian chemist Heinrich Hlasiwetz. Since its discovery, quercetin has been the subject of extensive research, with numerous studies exploring its potential health benefits, primarily due to its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antiviral, and anticancer properties.


In plants, quercetin serves as a protective substance, defending against microbial infections and environmental stress. For humans, it’s predominantly obtained through the consumption of foods such as onions, apples, berries, and teas. Its biological roles in human health are vast, with studies suggesting benefits ranging from anti-aging and anti-inflammatory effects to potential protective roles against various diseases.
In plants, quercetin serves as a protective substance, defending against microbial infections and environmental stress. This feature positions quercetin as a [[Xenohormetic Compound|xenohormetic compound]], implying that it not only protects the plants producing it but also potentially offers health benefits to humans who consume these plants. For humans, it’s predominantly obtained through the consumption of foods such as onions, apples, berries, and teas. Its biological roles in human health are vast, with studies suggesting benefits ranging from anti-aging and anti-inflammatory effects to potential protective roles against various diseases.


== Natural Occurrence and Derivatives==
== Natural Occurrence and Derivatives==
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In red onions, higher concentrations of quercetin occur in the outermost rings and in the part closest to the root, the latter being the part of the plant with the highest concentration.<ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Slimestad R, Fossen T, Vågen IM|title=Onions: a source of unique dietary flavonoids|journal=Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry|volume=55|issue=25|pages=10067–80|date=December 2007|pmid=17997520|doi=10.1021/jf0712503}}</ref> One study found that [[wikipedia:Organic_farming|organically grown]] [[wikipedia:Tomato|tomatoes]] had 79% more quercetin than non-organically grown fruit.<ref name="pmid17590007">{{cite journal|vauthors=Mitchell AE, Hong YJ, Koh E, Barrett DM, Bryant DE, Denison RF, Kaffka S|title=Ten-year comparison of the influence of organic and conventional crop management practices on the content of flavonoids in tomatoes|journal=Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry|volume=55|issue=15|pages=6154–9|date=Jul 2007|pmid=17590007|doi=10.1021/jf070344+}}</ref> Quercetin is present in various kinds of [[wikipedia:Honey|honey]] from different plant sources. <ref name="pmid21229237">{{cite journal|vauthors=Petrus K, Schwartz H, Sontag G|title=Analysis of flavonoids in honey by HPLC coupled with coulometric electrode array detection and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry|journal=Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry|volume=400|issue=8|pages=2555–63|date=Jun 2011|pmid=21229237|doi=10.1007/s00216-010-4614-7|s2cid=24796542}}</ref>
In red onions, higher concentrations of quercetin occur in the outermost rings and in the part closest to the root, the latter being the part of the plant with the highest concentration.{{#pmid:17997520|pmid17997520}} One study found that [[wikipedia:Organic_farming|organically grown]] [[wikipedia:Tomato|tomatoes]] had 79% more quercetin than non-organically grown fruit.{{#pmid:17590007|pmid17590007}} Quercetin is present in various kinds of [[wikipedia:Honey|honey]] from different plant sources. {{#pmid:21229237|pmid21229237}}


=== Background Intake ===
=== Background Intake ===
Quercetin is one of the most abundant dietary flavonoids. <ref name="lpi">{{cite web|url=http://lpi.oregonstate.edu/mic/dietary-factors/phytochemicals/flavonoids|title=Flavonoids|publisher=Micronutrient Information Center, Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR|date=November 2015|access-date=1 April 2018}}</ref><ref name="usda" /> To estimate the average quercetin intake of the U.S. population, data from the flavonoid database was combined with food consumption data from the 2003-2004 National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (NHANES). Only individuals who reported consuming foods naturally rich in quercetin were included in the analysis.
Quercetin is one of the most abundant dietary flavonoids. <ref name="lpi">{{cite web|url=http://lpi.oregonstate.edu/mic/dietary-factors/phytochemicals/flavonoids|title=Flavonoids|publisher=Micronutrient Information Center, Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR|date=November 2015|access-date=1 April 2018}}</ref><ref name="usda" /> To estimate the average quercetin intake of the U.S. population, data from the flavonoid database was combined with food consumption data from the 2003-2004 National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (NHANES). Only individuals who reported consuming foods naturally rich in quercetin were included in the analysis.


The table below presents the estimated daily quercetin intake from natural sources for various U.S. population groups. The overall consumption of quercetin-rich foods led to an estimated average intake of 5.9 mg/person/day, with the 90th percentile at 14.7 mg/person/day. The highest reported individual intake was 258.2 mg/day, observed in the adult male group. It's worth noting that these estimates might be on the conservative side, as quercetin content data is available only for select foods.
The table below presents the estimated daily quercetin intake from natural sources for various U.S. population groups. The overall consumption of quercetin-rich foods led to an estimated average intake of 5.9 mg/person/day, with the 90<sup>th</sup> percentile at 14.7 mg/person/day. The highest reported individual intake was 258.2 mg/day, observed in the adult male group. It's worth noting that these estimates might be on the conservative side, as quercetin content data is available only for select foods.


{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
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|-
|-
!Mean (mg)
!Mean (mg)
!90th Percentile (mg)
!90<sup>th</sup> Percentile (mg)
!Maximum (mg)
!Maximum (mg)
|-
|-
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*'''Molecular Weight:''' The molecular weight of quercetin is approximately 302.24 g/mol, a factor that influences its distribution and metabolism within the body.
*'''Molecular Weight:''' The molecular weight of quercetin is approximately 302.24 g/mol, a factor that influences its distribution and metabolism within the body.
==Pharmacological Properties==
==Formulations and Bioavailability==
 
The pharmacological properties of '''Quercetin''' have sparked extensive research due to its potential therapeutic applications. Here we explore its absorption, metabolism, elimination, and mode of action within the body.


===Poor Bioavailability of Standard Quercetin===
===Poor Bioavailability of Standard Quercetin===
Quercetin's bioavailability is complex, influenced largely by its poor water solubility, which results in low absorption and extensive metabolism, hence reducing its availability to exert biological effects. It is predominantly found in foods as glycosides, bound to sugar molecules, which impacts its absorption and subsequent bioavailability.
Quercetin's bioavailability is complex, influenced largely by its poor water solubility, which results in low absorption and extensive metabolism, hence reducing its availability to exert biological effects. It is predominantly found in foods as glycosides, bound to sugar molecules, which impacts its absorption and subsequent bioavailability.


In a clinical study with a different formulation of quercetin (Quercetin Phytosome) a ~20 fold relative bioavailability compared to standard quercetin was measured. Given that Quercetin Phytosome contains ~40% quercetin, one can assume that the total bioavailability of standard quercetin is less than 2%. <ref name=":0" />
In a clinical study with a different formulation of quercetin (Quercetin Phytosome) a ~20 fold relative bioavailability compared to standard quercetin was measured. Given that Quercetin Phytosome contains ~40% quercetin, one can assume that the total bioavailability of standard quercetin is less than 2%. {{#pmid:30328058|pmid30328058}}


Quercetin, when consumed, undergoes an absorption process primarily in the small intestine. The glycosidic form of quercetin needs to be hydrolyzed by β-glucosidase to its aglycone form before absorption. Once hydrolyzed, it is absorbed through enterocytes via passive diffusion or through active transport mechanisms. The overall absorption of quercetin is estimated to be relatively low, varying between individuals and dependent on dietary matrix and presence of other flavonoids.
Quercetin, when consumed, undergoes an absorption process primarily in the small intestine. The glycosidic form of quercetin needs to be hydrolyzed by β-glucosidase to its aglycone form before absorption. Once hydrolyzed, it is absorbed through enterocytes via passive diffusion or through active transport mechanisms. The overall absorption of quercetin is estimated to be relatively low, varying between individuals and dependent on dietary matrix and presence of other flavonoids.


Once absorbed, quercetin undergoes extensive first-pass metabolism in the liver and intestines, where it is converted into various metabolites through glucuronidation, sulfation, and methylation. The extensive metabolism significantly reduces the concentrations of free quercetin in the plasma, limiting its bioavailability. The metabolites, however, may retain some biological activity and contribute to the overall effects of quercetin in the body.
Once absorbed, quercetin undergoes extensive first-pass metabolism in the liver and intestines, where it is converted into various metabolites through glucuronidation, sulfation, and methylation. The extensive metabolism significantly reduces the concentrations of free quercetin in the plasma, limiting its bioavailability. The metabolites, however, may retain some biological activity and contribute to the overall effects of quercetin in the body.
It is suggested that individuals with poor vitamin C status might absorb quercetin better than those with adequate vitamin C levels. This could indicate a compensatory mechanism where the body might try to absorb more of certain beneficial compounds, like quercetin, in the absence of others, like vitamin C. However, the exact mechanisms or reasons behind this would need to be further explored. {{#pmid:25280405|pmid25280405}}


===Formulation of Enhanced Bioavailability===
===Formulation of Enhanced Bioavailability===
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|-
|-
! Formulation  
! Formulation  
!Alternative Names!! Relative Bioavailability!! Solubility in Water !! Notes
!Alternative Names!! Relative Bioavailability!! Notes
|-
|-
| Standard Quercetin  
| Standard Quercetin  
| || 1 (baseline) || Very Low || Naturally occurring in various plants; serves as the baseline form of quercetin with poor solubility and bioavailability.
| || 1 (baseline) || Naturally occurring in various plants; serves as the baseline form of quercetin with poor solubility and bioavailability.
|-
|-
| Quercetin Dihydrate  
| Quercetin Dihydrate  
| || – || Moderate || Synthetic form with two water molecules associated; usually preferred for dietary supplements due to improved solubility.
| || – || Synthetic form with two water molecules associated; usually preferred for dietary supplements due to improved solubility.
|-
|-
| Quercetin Phytosomes  
| Quercetin Phytosomes  
|Quercetin-Phospholipid
|Quercetin-Phospholipid
| 10-20 || Improved || Significantly increases oral bioavailability compared to standard quercetin.
| 10-20 || Significantly increases oral bioavailability compared to standard quercetin.
|-
|-
| Nanoparticle Formulations  
| Nanoparticle Formulations  
|Nanoquercetin, Quercetin Nanocapsules
|Nanoquercetin, Quercetin Nanocapsules
| Several-fold increase || Variable, generally improved || Includes liposomal encapsulations; increased solubility and cellular uptake.
| Several-fold increase || Includes liposomal encapsulations; increased solubility and cellular uptake.
|-
|-
| Quercetin LipoMicel
| Quercetin LipoMicel
|
|
| 8-9 ||  || Encapsulating quercetin within a liquid micelle matrix
| 8-9 || Encapsulating quercetin within a liquid micelle matrix
|-
|-
| Co-administration with Piperine  
| Co-administration with Piperine  
|Bioavailability Enhanced Quercetin, Piperine-Quercetin Combination
|Bioavailability Enhanced Quercetin, Piperine-Quercetin Combination
| Approximately 20%  
| Approximately 20% || Inhibits metabolism of quercetin, improving its bioavailability.
| Low || Inhibits metabolism of quercetin, improving its bioavailability.
|}
|}


===Quercetin Phytosome===
===Quercetin Phytosome===
[[File:Pharmacokinetic profile of quercetin.png|thumb|[[Pharmacokinetic]] profile of standard quercetin and quercetin phytosome in the clinical study. The plasma concentrations of quercetin obtained after single oral administration of the unformulated quercetin at 500 mg/tablet and after single oral administration of its corresponding lecithin formulation, Quercetin Phytosome, at a dose of either 500 or 250 mg are shown. <ref name=":0">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6418071/</ref>]]
[[File:Pharmacokinetic profile of quercetin.png|thumb|[[Pharmacokinetic]] profile of standard quercetin and quercetin phytosome in the clinical study. The plasma concentrations of quercetin obtained after single oral administration of the unformulated quercetin at 500 mg/tablet and after single oral administration of its corresponding lecithin formulation, Quercetin Phytosome, at a dose of either 500 or 250 mg are shown. {{#pmid:30328058|pmid30328058}}]]
Quercetin Phytosome is a formulation where quercetin is bound to phospholipids, typically derived from sunflower or soy lecithin, to enhance its bioavailability and absorption. The relevant clinical study used Quercetin Phytosome (QUERCEFIT™) consisting of quercetin and sunflower lecithin in a 1:1 weight ratio along with about a fifth part of food-grade excipients that are added to improve the physical state of the product and to standardize it to an HPLC-measured total quercetin content of about 40%. In the clinical study, a ~20-fold increase in bioavailability was measured compared to standard quercetin with equal doses. <ref name=":0" />
Quercetin Phytosome is a formulation where quercetin is bound to phospholipids, typically derived from sunflower or soy lecithin, to enhance its bioavailability and absorption. The relevant clinical study used Quercetin Phytosome (QUERCEFIT™) consisting of quercetin and sunflower lecithin in a 1:1 weight ratio along with about a fifth part of food-grade excipients that are added to improve the physical state of the product and to standardize it to an HPLC-measured total quercetin content of about 40%. In the clinical study, a ~20-fold increase in bioavailability was measured compared to standard quercetin with equal doses. {{#pmid:30328058|pmid30328058}}
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|+[[Pharmacokinetic]] parameters (noncompartmental model) <ref name=":0" />
|+[[Pharmacokinetic]] parameters (noncompartmental model) {{#pmid:30328058|pmid30328058}}
!
!
!Quercetin 500 mg
!Quercetin 500 mg
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=== Quercetin LipoMicel ===
=== Quercetin LipoMicel ===
[[File:Pharmacokinetic profile of quercetin Quercetin LipoMicel.jpg|thumb|[[Pharmacokinetics|Pharmacokinetic]] profile of quercetin in study participants. Plasma concentrations after the oral administration of quercetin formulated in different treatments at a total dose of 500 mg. AO (free quercetin), AP (Quercetin Phytosome), AW (Quercetin LipoMicel). Values are means ± SD, n = 12 for each point. <ref name=":1" />]]
Quercetin LipoMicel is a novel formulation from Natural Factors designed to enhance the bioavailability of quercetin. LipoMicel encapsulates quercetin molecules within micelles, tiny spherical structures formed from natural, non-ionic surfactants. These micelles facilitate the solubilization of quercetin, allowing it to be more readily absorbed in the gastrointestinal tract.


'''Quercetin LipoMicel''' is a novel formulation from Natural Factors designed to enhance the bioavailability of quercetin. LipoMicel encapsulates quercetin molecules within micelles, tiny spherical structures formed from natural, non-ionic surfactants. These micelles facilitate the solubilization of quercetin, allowing it to be more readily absorbed in the gastrointestinal tract. In a study sponsored by Natural Factors, the bioavailability of Standard Quercetin, Quercetin Phytosome and Quercetin LipoMicel was compared. Thereby, Quercetin Phytosome had a slightly higher relative bioavailability (AUC) than for Quercetin LipoMicel, but longer steady state levels of quercetin were provided by LipoMicel. <ref name=":1">https://jnhpresearch.com/index.php/jnhpr/article/view/17/24</ref>
In a study sponsored by Natural Factors, the bioavailability of Standard Quercetin, Quercetin Phytosome and Quercetin LipoMicel was evaluated. The results indicated that Quercetin LipoMicel had a relative bioavailability to Standard Quercetin of 8.5, while Quercetin Phytosome exhibited a slightly higher value of 8.9. Notably, LipoMicel maintained more consistent levels of quercetin in the system over a 24-hour period. <ref name=":1">https://jnhpresearch.com/index.php/jnhpr/article/view/17/24</ref>
 
In a second study, the blood concentrations of quercetin in healthy participants after the administration of standard quercetin and LipeMice quercetin was evaluated with over 72 hours and 4 doses in total. In contrast to other studies, the administration was given after 10 hours of fasting and continued fasting for 4 hours afterward to reduce potential interactions with food components like fiber and fat. Within the first 24 hours, LipeMice (500mg) had a significantly 7-fold increased blood concentrations of quercetin compared to standard quercetin (500 mg). LipeMice administered at a double dose (1000 mg) achieved 15-fold higher absorption, LipeMice tested at half a dose of standard quercetin increased concentration by approx. 3-fold. Quercetin blood concentrations were attained over 72 hours. {{#pmid:37600550|pmid37600550}}


{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|+[[Pharmacokinetic]] parameters <ref name=":1" />
|+[[Pharmacokinetic]] Parameters of Quercetin
!
!
!Quercetin 500mg
! colspan="3" |Study 1 <ref name=":1" />
!Quercetin LipoMicel 500mg
! colspan="4" |Study 2 (with fasting) {{#pmid:37600550|pmid37600550}}
!Quercetin Phytosome 500mg
|-
!
!Standard
500mg
!LipoMicel
500mg
!Phytosome
500mg
!Standard
500mg
!LipoMicel
250mg
!LipoMicel
500mg
!LipoMicel
1000mg
|-
|-
|[[AUClast|AUC<sub>0-24</sub>]] (ng h/ml)
|[[AUClast|AUC<sub>0-24</sub>]] (ng h/ml)
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| 1477.27 ± 25.57
| 1477.27 ± 25.57
| 1536.00 ± 115.66
| 1536.00 ± 115.66
|77.3 ± 6.1
|197.0 ± 8.0
|543.1 ± 20.3
|1128.8 ± 52.3
|-
|-
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |[[Cmax|C<sub>max</sub>]] (ng/ml)
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |[[Cmax|C<sub>max</sub>]] (ng/ml)
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| 182.85 ± 106.64
| 182.85 ± 106.64
| 150.27 ± 61.43
| 150.27 ± 61.43
|6.8 ± 9.2
|15.4 ± 22.0
|52.5 ± 51.7
|150.4 ± 117.6
|-
|-
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |[[Time to Maximum Concentration (Tmax)|T<sub>max</sub>]] (hours)
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |[[Time to Maximum Concentration (Tmax)|T<sub>max</sub>]] (hours)
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| 0.5 ± 0.02
| 0.5 ± 0.02
| 1 ± 0.30
| 1 ± 0.30
|3.0 ± 3.2
|1.0 ± 2.7
|5.9 ± 2.7
|0.9 ± 0.2
|-
|-
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |''t''<sub>1/2</sub> (hours)
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |[[Elimination Half-Life|''t''<sub>1/2</sub>]] (hours)
| 11.66 ± 0.55
| 11.66 ± 0.55
| 8.29 ± 0.49
| 8.29 ± 0.49
| 6.02 ± 0.52
| 6.02 ± 0.52
|
|
|
|
|}
|}


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: Quercetin’s potent anti-inflammatory properties have led to its investigation for use in chronic inflammatory conditions such as arthritis and cardiovascular diseases. It modulates inflammatory pathways by inhibiting the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines and reducing the activation of inflammatory cells.
: Quercetin’s potent anti-inflammatory properties have led to its investigation for use in chronic inflammatory conditions such as arthritis and cardiovascular diseases. It modulates inflammatory pathways by inhibiting the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines and reducing the activation of inflammatory cells.


; Antioxidant Properties
; [[Antioxidant]] Properties
: The antioxidant activity of quercetin is attributed to its ability to neutralize free radicals and reduce oxidative stress, potentially mitigating aging-related cellular damage and dysfunction. Its antioxidant properties are linked to a reduction in the risk of chronic conditions such as cancer and neurodegenerative diseases.
: The antioxidant activity of quercetin is attributed to its ability to neutralize free radicals and reduce oxidative stress, potentially mitigating aging-related cellular damage and dysfunction. Its antioxidant properties are linked to a reduction in the risk of chronic conditions such as cancer and neurodegenerative diseases.


; Impact on Cellular Senescence
; Impact on [[Cellular Senescence]]
: Research has indicated that quercetin may delay cellular senescence by modulating senescence-associated signaling pathways and reducing the accumulation of senescent cells, potentially impacting aging processes and age-related diseases.
: Research has indicated that quercetin may delay cellular senescence by modulating senescence-associated signaling pathways and reducing the accumulation of senescent cells, potentially impacting aging processes and age-related diseases.


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===Administration Forms and Bioavailability Enhancement===
===Administration Forms and Bioavailability Enhancement===
Quercetin is available in various forms, including tablets, capsules, and powders. To enhance its bioavailability, it is often formulated with bioflavonoids or bromelain, or encapsulated in liposomes or phytosomes. Different formulations may affect the absorption and efficacy of quercetin, and choosing the right form is crucial for optimal results.
Quercetin is available in various forms, including tablets, capsules, and powders. To enhance its bioavailability, it is often formulated with bioflavonoids or bromelain, or encapsulated in [[Liposomes|liposomes]] or phytosomes. Different formulations may affect the absorption and efficacy of quercetin, and choosing the right form is crucial for optimal results.


==Safety and Side Effects==
==Safety and Side Effects==
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Understanding the safety profile and potential side effects of '''Quercetin''' is vital for informed supplementation. While generally regarded as safe, quercetin may cause adverse reactions in certain situations or populations.
Understanding the safety profile and potential side effects of '''Quercetin''' is vital for informed supplementation. While generally regarded as safe, quercetin may cause adverse reactions in certain situations or populations.


In 2010, the [[wikipedia:Food_and_Drug_Administration|FDA]] acknowledged high-purity quercetin (≥ 99.5% quercetin) as [[wikipedia:Generally_recognized_as_safe|Generally Recognized as Safe (GRAS)]] for use as an ingredient in various specified food categories at levels up to 500 milligrams per serving.<ref name="GRN341">{{cite web|title=GRN No. 341 (Quercetin)|url=https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/fdcc/index.cfm?set=GRASNotices&id=341|publisher=US Food and Drug Administration|date=22 November 2010|access-date=27 October 2021}}</ref>
In 2010, the [[Food and Drug Administration (FDA)|FDA]] acknowledged high-purity quercetin (≥ 99.5% quercetin) as [[wikipedia:Generally_recognized_as_safe|Generally Recognized as Safe (GRAS)]] for use as an ingredient in various specified food categories at levels up to 500 milligrams per serving.<ref name="GRN341">{{cite web|title=GRN No. 341 (Quercetin)|url=https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/fdcc/index.cfm?set=GRASNotices&id=341|publisher=US Food and Drug Administration|date=22 November 2010|access-date=27 October 2021}}</ref>


===Known Side Effects===
===Known Side Effects===
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==Conclusions and Future Directions==
==Conclusions and Future Directions==


'''Quercetin''' has garnered substantial attention in the realm of longevity and health due to its multifaceted biological activities, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and potential anti-aging properties.
'''Quercetin''' has garnered substantial attention in the realm of longevity and health due to its multifaceted biological activities, including [[Antioxidant|antioxidant]], anti-inflammatory, and potential anti-aging properties.


=== Summary of Key Findings===
=== Summary of Key Findings===
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== See Also ==
== See Also ==


*  
* {{SeeWikipedia|Quercetin}}


== References ==
== References ==
<references />
<references />
[[Category:Orally Consumable Longevity Molecules]]
[[Category:Orally Consumable Longevity Compounds]]
[[Category:Xenohormetic Compounds]]
[[Category:Senolytic Compounds]]
[[Category:Antioxidant Compounds]]
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