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Revision as of 01:55, 6 February 2024

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* '''Hochschild’s Method''' differs from MLR and PCA by making chronological age an independent variable. It aims to estimate biological age by adjusting chronological age based on specific biomarkers.
* '''Hochschild’s Method''' differs from MLR and PCA by making chronological age an independent variable. It aims to estimate biological age by adjusting chronological age based on specific biomarkers.
* '''Klemera and Doubal’s Method (KDM)''' shares a similar concept with Hochschild’s method but uses a more complex statistical approach. It treats chronological age as an independent variable and incorporates multiple biomarkers to estimate biological age.
* '''Klemera and Doubal’s Method (KDM)''' shares a similar concept with Hochschild’s method but uses a more complex statistical approach. It treats chronological age as an independent variable and incorporates multiple biomarkers to estimate biological age.
* '''Deep Learning'''-based approaches represent an emerging and powerful method for biological age estimation. Leveraging complex neural network architectures, these methods can analyze large datasets of biomarkers, integrating diverse types of biological data. Deep learning models can uncover intricate patterns in the data that may be missed by traditional statistical techniques, offering potentially more accurate and personalized biological age estimations. However, they require large, well-curated datasets to be effective.


=== Role of Chronological Age ===
=== Role of Chronological Age ===
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=== Comparison ===
=== Comparison ===
Comparisons among MLR, PCA, Hochschild’s method, and KDM
Comparisons of various biological age estimation methods
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
! Method
! Method
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|}
|}


=== Used Biomarkers ===
== Biomarkers for Biological Age Estimation ==
Comparisons of aging biomarkers among MLR, PCA, Hochschild’s method, and KDM
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
! Organ system
! Organ system
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|  
|  
|}
|}
== Biomarkers 2 ==
The common aging biomarkers of four methods in different systems.
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! System
!
! MLR
! PCA
! KDM
! Deep learning
|-
| Cardiovascular system
|Systolic Blood Pressure (SBP)
| 23213031  5841151  3226152  950448  6667707  17889950  23642770  28110151  30899733
| 23213031  3226152  2737197  2282902  8803500  12634284  12672981  17921421  18840798  18597867  22433233  28110151  30899733
| 23213031  26150497  28110151  28958059  28977464  30999227  30899733  31566204  32946548  34038024
|
|-
| Cardiovascular system
|Diastolic Blood Pressure (DBP)
| 17889950  23642770  31179487
| 31179487
| 27216811 31179487
|
|-
| Cardiovascular system
|Pulse Pressure
| 23642770
| 29188884  24522464  19940465
|
|
|-
| Cardiovascular system
|Mean Arterial Pressure
|
| 28203066
|
|
|-
| Cardiovascular system
|Pulse
| 3226152
| 3226152  2737197
|
|
|-
| Cardiovascular system
|Pulse Wave Velocity
| 6667707
|
|
|
|-
| Cardiovascular system
|Heart Rate
|
| 2282902
|
|
|-
| Cardiovascular system
|Intima-Media Thickness
|
| 24659482 19940465
|
|
|-
| Cardiovascular system
|Minimum Intima-Media Thickness
|
| 29188884 24522464
|
|
|-
| Cardiovascular system
|End Diastolic Velocity
|
| 19940465
|
|
|-
| Cardiovascular system
|Mitral Valve E/A Peak
|
| 29188884 19940465
|
|
|-
| Cardiovascular system
|MVEL, MVES, MVEA
|
| MVEL 19940465 , MVES 24522464 , MVEA 24659482
|
|
|-
| Cardiovascular system
|Atherosclerosis Index
|
| 2737197  2282902
|
|
|-
| Cardiovascular system
|NT-proBNP
|
|
|
| 34453631
|-
| Cardiovascular system
|Cardiac Troponin I
|
|
|
| 34453631
|-
| Cardiovascular system
|Creatine Phosphokinase
| 23642770
|
|
|
|-
| Cardiovascular system
|Homocysteine
| 23642770
|
|
|
|-
| Respiratory system
|Forced Vital Capacity (FVC)
| 3226152  17889950  23642770  20005245
| 3226152  2737197  2282902  8803500  12634284
| 20005245
|
|-
|Respiratory system
|Forced Expiratory Volume in 1 Second (FEV1)
| 23213031  950448  7162237  17889950  23642770  28110151  30899733  31179487
| 23213031  12634284  12672981  17921421  18840798  18597867  22433233  28110151  30899733  31179487
| 23213031  26150497  28110151  28958059  28977464  30899733  31179487
|
|-
|Respiratory system
|Vital Capacity
| 5841151  6667707
|
|
|
|-
|Respiratory system
|Maximal Midexpiratory Flow Rate 75/25
|
| 24522464
|
|
|-
|Respiratory system
|VO2 Max
|
| 18597867  22433233
|
|
|-
|Respiratory system
|Chest Radiography
|
|
|
| 33744131
|-
| Nervous system
|Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE)
| 31179487
| 31179487
| 31179487
|
|-
| Nervous system
|Digital Symbol Test
| 6667707
| 24659482
|
|
|-
| Nervous system
|Numeric Memory
| 20005245
|
| 20005245
|
|-
| Nervous system
|Associated Memory
| 20005245
|
| 20005245
|
|-
| Nervous system
|Topological Memory
| 20005245
|
| 20005245
|
|-
| Nervous system
|Short-Time Memory
| 6610563
|
|
|
|-
| Nervous system
|Concentration
| 20005245
|
| 20005245
|
|-
| Nervous system
|Intellectuality - Mental Defect
| 6667707
|
|
|
|-
| Nervous system
|Trail Making Test
|
| 29188884  24522464
|
|
|-
| Endocrine metabolic system
|Glucose
| 17889950  23642770
| 8803500  12672981  28203066
| 28977464
| 27191382  29340580  30644411  34453631
|-
| Endocrine metabolic system
|HBA1C
| 23213031  23642770
| 23213031  18597867
| 23213031  26150497  28958059  30999227  31566204  32946548  31693736  34038024
| 30644411
|-
| Endocrine metabolic system
|C-peptide
|
|
|
| 34453631
|-
| Endocrine metabolic system
|Insulin
|
|
|
| 34453631
|-
| Endocrine metabolic system
|Triglyceride
| 950448  17889950  23642770
| 2282902  28203066
| 32946548
| 29340580  34453631
|-
| Endocrine metabolic system
|Total Cholesterol (TC)
| 23213031  5841151  3226152  950448  7162237  17889950  23642770  28110151
| 23213031  3226152  8803500  28110151
| 23213031  26150497  28110151  28958059  28977464  31566204  32946548  34038024
| 27191382  29340580
|-
| Endocrine metabolic system
|High-Density Lipoprotein (HDL)
| 17889950 ,
| 28203066
|
| 29340580  34453631
|-
| Endocrine metabolic system
|Low-Density Lipoprotein (LDL)
|23642770
|18597867
|
|29340580 34453631
|-
| Endocrine metabolic system
|Apolipoprotein A1 and B
|
|
|
| 34453631
|-
| Endocrine metabolic system
|Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (TSH)
| 17889950
|
| 27216811
|
|-
| Endocrine metabolic system
|Testosterone
| 17889950
|
|
| Testosterone 34453631
|-
| Endocrine metabolic system
|Vitamin D
| 30899733
| 30899733
| 30899733
| 34453631
|-
| Endocrine metabolic system
|Calcium
|
|
| 27216811
| 29340580
|-
| Endocrine metabolic system
|Potassium
|
|
|
| 29340580
|-
| Endocrine metabolic system
|Sodium
|
|
|
| 29340580
|-
| Endocrine metabolic system
|Inorganic Phosphorus
|
|
| 27216811
|
|-
| Endocrine metabolic system
|Urea
| 23213031  3226152  950448  23642770  28110151
| 23213031  3226152  2737197  2282902  8803500  12634284  17921421  18840798  18597867  28110151
| 23213031  26150497  27216811  28110151  30999227  31566204  32946548  31693736
| 27191382  29340580  30644411
|-
| Endocrine metabolic system
|Creatinine
| 23213031  17889950  23642770  28110151  30899733
| 28110151  30899733
| 23213031  26150497  27216811  28958059  30999227  31566204  32946548  31693736  34038024
| 29340580  34453631
|-
| Endocrine metabolic system
|Estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate (eGFR)
| 31179487
| 31179487
| 31179487
|
|-
| Endocrine metabolic system
|Uric Acid
|
|
| 30999227  31693736
| 34453631
|-
| Endocrine metabolic system
|Cystatin C
|
| 29188884  24659482  24522464  19940465
|
| 34453631
|-
| Endocrine metabolic system
|Creatinine Clearance
| 23642770
|
|
|
|-
| Endocrine metabolic system
|Urine Specific Gravity
| 23642770
|
|
|
|-
| Endocrine metabolic system
|Urine pH
| 23642770
|
|
|
|-
| Digestive system
|Alanine Aminotransferase (ALT)
| 23642770
| 8803500
|
| 34453631
|-
| Digestive system
|Aspartate Aminotransferase (AST)
| 3226152  23642770  28110151
| 3226152  2737197  2282902  28110151
| 28110151
| 34453631
|-
| Digestive system
|Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP)
| 23213031  950448  23642770
| 23213031
| ALP 23213031  26150497  27216811  28958059  30999227  31693736  34038024
| ALP 27191382
|-
| Digestive system
|Total Protein
| Total protein 23642770
|
| Total protein 27216811
| Total protein 29340580
|-
| Digestive system
|Albumin
| Albumin 23213031  3226152  23642770
| Albumin 23213031  3226152  12634284  17921421  18840798  18597867
| Albumin 23213031  26150497  27216811  28958059  30999227  31566204  32946548  31693736  34038024
| Albumin 27191382  29340580  34453631
|-
| Digestive system
|Albumin/Globulin Ratio (A/G)
| A/G 3226152  23642770
| A/G 3226152  12634284  12672981
|
|
|-
| Digestive system
|Total Bilirubin
| Total bilirubin 23642770
|
|
| Total bilirubin 29340580
|-
| Digestive system
|Direct Bilirubin
| Direct bilirubin 23642770
|
|
|
|-
| Digestive system
|Amylase
| Amylase 23642770
|
|
|
|-
| Digestive system
|Lactate Dehydrogenase
| Lactate dehydrogenase 7162237  23642770
| Lactate dehydrogenase 2282902  8803500
|
|
|-
| Digestive system
|Alpha 2 Globulin
|
|
|
| Alpha 2 globulin 27191382
|-
| Digestive system
|Gamma Glutamyl Transpeptidase
| Gamma glutamyl
transpeptidase 23642770
|
|
|
|-
| Hematologic System
|Red Blood Cell
| Red blood cell 30899733
| Red blood cell 12634284  18840798  30899733
| Red blood cell 30899733  32946548
| Red blood cell 27191382  29340580  34453631
|-
| Hematologic System
|Red Blood Cell Volume Distribution Width
|
|
| Red blood cell volume
distribution width 30999227
| Red blood cell volume
distribution width 27191382  34453631
|-
| Hematologic System
|Hematocrit
|
| Hematocrit 12634284  17921421
|
| Hematocrit 27191382  29340580
|-
| Hematologic System
|Mean Corpuscular Volume
|
|
| Mean corpuscular
volume 30999227  31566204  31693736
| Mean corpuscular
volume 29340580  34453631
|-
| Hematologic System
|Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin
|
| Mean corpuscular
hemoglobin 12672981
|
|
|-
| Hematologic System
|Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin Concentration
|
|
|
| Mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration 29340580  34453631
|-
| Hematologic System
|Hemoglobin
| Hemoglobin 3226152  31179487
| Hemoglobin 3226152  2737197  2282902  8803500  12634284  31179487
| Hemoglobin 27216811  31179487
| Hemoglobin 29340580  34453631
|-
| Hematologic System
|White Blood Cell
|
|
| White blood cell 30999227  31566204  31693736
| White blood cell 34453631
|-
| Hematologic System
|Granulocytes
|
|
|
| Granulocytes 34453631
|-
| Hematologic System
|Neutrophils
|
|
|
| Neutrophils 34453631
|-
| Hematologic System
|Basophils, Eosinophils
|
|
|
| Basophils 34453631 , Eosinophils 34453631
|-
| Hematologic System
|Lymphocytes
|
|
| Lymphocytes 30999227  31566204  31693736
| Lymphocytes 27191382  34453631
|-
| Hematologic System
|Monocytes
| Monocytes 31179487
| Monocytes 31179487
| Monocytes 31179487
| Monocytes 34453631
|-
| Hematologic System
|Platelet
|
|
| Platelet 32946548
| Platelet 29340580  34453631
|-
| Hematologic System
|Mean Platelet Volume
|
|
|
| Mean platelet volume 34453631
|-
| Hematologic System
|Platelet Distribution Width
|
|
|
| Platelet distribution width 34453631
|-
| Hematologic System
|Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate
| 950448  17889950
| 18597867
|
|
|-
| Hematologic System
|D-dimer, Fibrinogen
|
| D-dimer 24659482
Fibrinogen 19940465
|
| D-dimer 34453631
|-
| Hematologic System
|Ferritin
| Ferritin 28110151
| Ferritin 28110151
| Ferritin 28110151  32946548
| Ferritin 30644411
|-
| Hematologic System
|Transferrin
|
|
| Fransferrin 32946548
|
|-
| Sensory system
|Visual Accommodation
| Visual accommodation 6667707  20005245
|
| Visual accommodation 20005245
|
|-
| Sensory system
|Visual Reaction Time
| Visual reaction time 20005245
|
| Visual reaction time 20005245
|
|-
| Sensory system
|Visual Acuity
| Visual acuity 5841151  3226152
| Visual acuity 3226152
|
|
|-
| Sensory system
|Hearing
| Hearing 5841151  7162237  6667707  20005245
| Hearing 18597867
| Hearing 20005245
|
|-
| Sensory system
|Vibrotactile
| Vibrotactile 5841151  6610563  20005245
|
| Vibrotactile 20005245
|
|-
| Sensory system
|Retinal Photos
|
|
|
| Retinal photos
|-
| Inflammatory index
|C-Reactive Protein (CRP)
| CRP 23213031
| CRP 23213031
| CRP 23213031  26150497  28958059  28977464  30999227  31566204  32946548  31693736  34038024
| CRP 34453631
|-
| Inflammatory index
|Cytomegalovirus Optical Density
| Cytomegalovirus optical density 23213031
| Cytomegalovirus
optical density 23213031
| Cytomegalovirus
optical density 23213031  26150497  31566204
|
|-
| Inflammatory index
|Interleukin-6
| colspan="1" rowspan="2" |
| colspan="1" rowspan="2" |
| Interleukin-6 28977464
| colspan="1" rowspan="2" |
|-
| Inflammatory index
|P-selectin
| P-selectin 28977464
|-
| Motion index
|Grip Strength
| Grip strength 5841151  6610563  31179487  20005245
| Grip strength 22433233  31179487
| Grip strength 31179487  20005245
|
|-
| Motion index
|Vertical Jump
|
| Vertical jump 22433233
|
|
|-
| Motion index
|Timed Up and Go Test
| Timed up and go test 31179487
| Timed up and go test 31179487
| Timed up and go test 31179487
|
|-
| Motion index
|Chair Rise Time
| Chair rise time 31179487
| Chair rise time 31179487
| Chair rise time 31179487
|
|-
| Motion index
|1-Week Physical Activity
|
|
|
| 1-week physical activity 29581467  31388024
|-
| Body morphology index
|Waist Circumference (WC)
| WC 23642770  28110151
| WC 18597867  22433233  28110151  28203066
| WC 28110151
|
|-
| Body morphology index
|Waist-to-Hip Ratio
| Waist-to-hip ratio 17889950  23642770
|
|
|
|-
| Body morphology index
|Waist-to-Height Ratio
| Waist-to-height ratio 30899733
| Waist-to-height ratio 30899733
| Waist-to-height ratio 30899733
|
|-
| Body morphology index
|Body Mass Index (BMI)
| Body mass index 17889950  23642770
|
|
|
|-
| Body morphology index
|Weight
| Weight 6667707
|
|
|
|-
| Body morphology index
|Height
| Height 31179487
| Height 31179487
| Height 31179487
|
|-
| Body morphology index
|Body Fat
| Body fat 17889950  23642770
| Body fat 18597867
|
|
|-
| Body morphology index
|Lean Body Mass
| Lean body mass 17889950  23642770
|
|
|
|-
| Body morphology index
|Soft Lean Mass
|
| Soft lean mass 22433233
|
|
|-
| Genetic index
|Terminal Telomere Restriction Fragment
|
| Terminal telomere restriction
fragment 24659482
|
|
|}
SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; NT-proBNP, N-terminal pro brain natriuretic peptide; MVEA, mitral annulus peak E anterior wall; MVEL, mitral valve annulus lateral wall of peak velocity of early filling; MVES, mitral valve annulus ventricular septum of the peak velocity of early filling; FEV1, forced expiratory volume in 1.0 s; FVC, forced vital capacity; MMSE, mini-mental state examination; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rat; HBA1C, glycosylated hemoglobin; HDL, high density lipoprotein; LDL, low density lipoprotein; TSH, thyroid stimulating hormone; ALT, Alanine aminotransferase; AST, Aspartate aminotransferase; ALP, alkaline ''phosphatase; A/G, ratio of albumin to globulin; CRP, c-reactive protein; WC, waist circumference''.


== Further Reading ==
== Further Reading ==
Retrieved from "https://www.longewiki.com/wiki/Special:MobileDiff/2647...2661"