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Resveratrol: Difference between revisions
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=== Caloric Restriction Mimetic === | === Caloric Restriction Mimetic === | ||
One of the mechanisms by which resveratrol is thought to impact aging is by mimicking the effects of caloric restriction, a well-known intervention for extending lifespan. It activates sirtuins, proteins associated with longevity, and influences metabolic processes related to aging. | One of the mechanisms by which resveratrol is thought to impact aging is by mimicking the effects of caloric restriction, a well-known intervention for extending lifespan. It activates sirtuins (in particularly SIRT1), proteins associated with longevity, and influences metabolic processes related to aging. | ||
== Forms of Resveratrol == | A recent study <ref>https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10346321/</ref> expanded our understanding of resveratrol's role as a caloric restriction mimetic. In a randomized trial involving healthy adults aged 55 to 65, resveratrol supplementation demonstrated a capacity to increase circulating SIRT1 levels, comparable to the effects of a caloric-restricted diet. Both interventions also led to a significant reduction in plasma noradrenaline, indicating a decrease in sympathetic nervous system activity, which is beneficial for cardiovascular health. | ||
However, while resveratrol and caloric restriction similarly increased SIRT1 levels, the study unveiled disparities in vascular reactivity between the groups. Post-treatment circulating SIRT1 was associated with improvements in nitrate-mediated vasodilation (NMD) only in the caloric restriction group, not in the resveratrol group. Furthermore, SIRT1 predicted improvements in flow-mediated vasodilation (FMD) in men but not in women, suggesting potential sex-specific vascular responses to SIRT1 modulation. | |||
These findings underscore that although resveratrol mimics several effects of caloric restriction and positively modulates factors associated with cardiovascular health, it may not replicate all the vascular benefits of energy restriction. The data indicate the existence of additional mechanisms activated by caloric restriction, possibly involving inflammation modulation, endothelial function, or other molecular pathways, that are not directly triggered by resveratrol. | |||
==Forms of Resveratrol == | |||
Resveratrol exists in two geometric isomers: cis-resveratrol and trans-resveratrol. | Resveratrol exists in two geometric isomers: cis-resveratrol and trans-resveratrol. | ||
* '''Trans-resveratrol''' is the most abundant and biologically active form of resveratrol in plants. It is the form that has been most studied in scientific research and is thought to be responsible for the majority of the health benefits associated with resveratrol. | *'''Trans-resveratrol''' is the most abundant and biologically active form of resveratrol in plants. It is the form that has been most studied in scientific research and is thought to be responsible for the majority of the health benefits associated with resveratrol. | ||
* '''Cis-resveratrol''' is less abundant in nature and less biologically active than trans-resveratrol. However, it has still been shown to have some health benefits, such as antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. | *'''Cis-resveratrol''' is less abundant in nature and less biologically active than trans-resveratrol. However, it has still been shown to have some health benefits, such as antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. | ||
In addition to cis- and trans-resveratrol, there are also a number of other forms of resveratrol, including: | In addition to cis- and trans-resveratrol, there are also a number of other forms of resveratrol, including: | ||
* '''Piceatannol:''' Piceatannol is a metabolite of resveratrol that is found in red grape skins and Japanese knotweed. It has been shown to have some similar health benefits to trans-resveratrol, such as antioxidant and anti-cancer effects. | *'''Piceatannol:''' Piceatannol is a metabolite of resveratrol that is found in red grape skins and Japanese knotweed. It has been shown to have some similar health benefits to trans-resveratrol, such as antioxidant and anti-cancer effects. | ||
* '''Resveratrol glucosides:''' Resveratrol glucosides are conjugated forms of resveratrol that are linked to glucose molecules. These forms of resveratrol are less bioavailable than trans-resveratrol, but they may be more stable and easier to store. | *'''Resveratrol glucosides:''' Resveratrol glucosides are conjugated forms of resveratrol that are linked to glucose molecules. These forms of resveratrol are less bioavailable than trans-resveratrol, but they may be more stable and easier to store. | ||
* '''Resveratrol dimers and oligomers:''' Resveratrol dimers and oligomers are formed when two or more molecules of resveratrol link together. These forms of resveratrol have been shown to have some unique biological activities, such as anti-cancer and anti-inflammatory effects. | *'''Resveratrol dimers and oligomers:''' Resveratrol dimers and oligomers are formed when two or more molecules of resveratrol link together. These forms of resveratrol have been shown to have some unique biological activities, such as anti-cancer and anti-inflammatory effects. | ||
The most common form of resveratrol available as a supplement is trans-resveratrol. Trans-resveratrol supplements are typically made from grape seed extract or Japanese knotweed extract. | The most common form of resveratrol available as a supplement is trans-resveratrol. Trans-resveratrol supplements are typically made from grape seed extract or Japanese knotweed extract. | ||
== Formulations and Bioavailability == | ==Formulations and Bioavailability== | ||
=== Trans-Resveratrol === | ===Trans-Resveratrol=== | ||
Trans-resveratrol unfortunately suffers from '''poor bioavailability''' and '''water solubility'''. Its solubility in water is less than 0.05 mg/ml. Studies have indicated varying plasma concentrations after repeated doses of resveratrol: | Trans-resveratrol unfortunately suffers from '''poor bioavailability''' and '''water solubility'''. Its solubility in water is less than 0.05 mg/ml. Studies have indicated varying plasma concentrations after repeated doses of resveratrol: | ||
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| rowspan="2" |Tablet and drink | | rowspan="2" |Tablet and drink | ||
|903.0 | | 903.0 | ||
|- | |- | ||
|6, high BMI | |6, high BMI | ||
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|- | |- | ||
|Dairy drink | |Dairy drink | ||
|0.61 | | 0.61 | ||
|- | |- | ||
|Soy drink | |Soy drink | ||
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|28 | |28 | ||
|Capsule with Piperine | |Capsule with Piperine | ||
|2967.25 | | 2967.25 | ||
|- | |- | ||
| rowspan="4" |40, healthy, repeated sequential dosing | | rowspan="4" |40, healthy, repeated sequential dosing | ||
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|43.8 | |43.8 | ||
|- | |- | ||
|1000 | | 1000 | ||
|141 | |141 | ||
|- | |- | ||
|2500 | |2500 | ||
|331 | | 331 | ||
|- | |- | ||
|5000 | |5000 | ||
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|6, patients with hepatic metastases, randomized double-blind clinical trial | |6, patients with hepatic metastases, randomized double-blind clinical trial | ||
|5000 | |5000 | ||
|14 | | 14 | ||
|Micronized resveratrol mixed in liquid | |Micronized resveratrol mixed in liquid | ||
|1942 | |1942 | ||
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|- | |- | ||
|90 | |90 | ||
|532.00 | | 532.00 | ||
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|270 | |270 | ||
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Several factors lead to differences in how individuals respond to resveratrol intake: <ref name=":0" /> | Several factors lead to differences in how individuals respond to resveratrol intake: <ref name=":0" /> | ||
* '''Gut Microbiota Composition:''' The unique blend of microorganisms in one's gut. | *'''Gut Microbiota Composition:''' The unique blend of microorganisms in one's gut. | ||
* '''Genetic Differences:''' Variations in genes that affect metabolism enzymes (like UGTs and SULTs) and transporters. | *'''Genetic Differences:''' Variations in genes that affect metabolism enzymes (like UGTs and SULTs) and transporters. | ||
* '''Ethnicity & Geography:''' People from different ethnic backgrounds or geographical locations may metabolize resveratrol differently. | *'''Ethnicity & Geography:''' People from different ethnic backgrounds or geographical locations may metabolize resveratrol differently. | ||
* '''Lifestyle & Diet:''' Personal habits and food choices can influence resveratrol processing. | *'''Lifestyle & Diet:''' Personal habits and food choices can influence resveratrol processing. | ||
* '''Natural Variation:''' Humans naturally vary, leading to different responses to resveratrol . | *'''Natural Variation:''' Humans naturally vary, leading to different responses to resveratrol . | ||
=== Resveratrol with Piperine === | ===Resveratrol with Piperine=== | ||
In 2021 a double-blind, randomized, three arm pilot study was performed. Participants were randomized to receive a single dose of resveratrol 2500 mg, with piperine in 0 mg, 5 mg or 25 mg dose. Despite the observation of piperine coadministration significantly increasing bioavailability ([[Cmax|C<sub>max</sub>]] and [[AUC|AUC)]] of resveratrol in [[C57BL/6 mice|C57BL]] mice, no significant increase in resveratrol or decrease in resveratrol glucuronide could be observed in healthy adults taking 2500 gm of resveratrol with piperine (5 or 25 mg) as compared to resveratrol alone. <ref>https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7910313/</ref> | In 2021 a double-blind, randomized, three arm pilot study was performed. Participants were randomized to receive a single dose of resveratrol 2500 mg, with piperine in 0 mg, 5 mg or 25 mg dose. Despite the observation of piperine coadministration significantly increasing bioavailability ([[Cmax|C<sub>max</sub>]] and [[AUC|AUC)]] of resveratrol in [[C57BL/6 mice|C57BL]] mice, no significant increase in resveratrol or decrease in resveratrol glucuronide could be observed in healthy adults taking 2500 gm of resveratrol with piperine (5 or 25 mg) as compared to resveratrol alone. <ref>https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7910313/</ref> | ||
=== Micronized Resveratrol === | ===Micronized Resveratrol === | ||
Micronized resveratrol is a form of resveratrol that has been ground into very small particles. This makes it easier for the body to absorb and use the resveratrol. | Micronized resveratrol is a form of resveratrol that has been ground into very small particles. This makes it easier for the body to absorb and use the resveratrol. | ||
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However, more research is needed to confirm the bioavailability of micronized resveratrol and to determine whether it is more effective than other forms of resveratrol. | However, more research is needed to confirm the bioavailability of micronized resveratrol and to determine whether it is more effective than other forms of resveratrol. | ||
=== Liposomal Resveratrol === | ===Liposomal Resveratrol=== | ||
There are a number of liposomal resveratrol supplements on the market that claim to have higher bioavailability than other forms of resveratrol. However, there is no clinical trial evidence to support this claim. | There are a number of liposomal resveratrol supplements on the market that claim to have higher bioavailability than other forms of resveratrol. However, there is no clinical trial evidence to support this claim. | ||
== Dosage and Administration == | ==Dosage and Administration== | ||
=== Recommended Dosage === | === Recommended Dosage=== | ||
;Adults | ;Adults | ||
: The recommended dosage for adults is generally between 150 to 500 mg per day, although this can vary based on individual health conditions and specific product formulations. | :The recommended dosage for adults is generally between 150 to 500 mg per day, although this can vary based on individual health conditions and specific product formulations. | ||
;Elderly | ;Elderly | ||
: Elderly individuals may require a different dosage, and it is crucial to consult with a healthcare provider to determine the appropriate amount. | :Elderly individuals may require a different dosage, and it is crucial to consult with a healthcare provider to determine the appropriate amount. | ||
;Children | ;Children | ||
: Resveratrol is not typically recommended for children, and any consideration of its use should be discussed with a pediatrician. | :Resveratrol is not typically recommended for children, and any consideration of its use should be discussed with a pediatrician. | ||
=== Forms of Administration === | ===Forms of Administration=== | ||
;Oral Supplements | ;Oral Supplements | ||
: Resveratrol is most commonly available in capsule or tablet form, taken orally with water. | :Resveratrol is most commonly available in capsule or tablet form, taken orally with water. | ||
;Liquid Form | ;Liquid Form | ||
: Some people prefer liquid resveratrol, which can be mixed with water or another beverage. | :Some people prefer liquid resveratrol, which can be mixed with water or another beverage. | ||
;Topical Applications | ;Topical Applications | ||
: Resveratrol is also found in some skincare products due to its antioxidant properties. | :Resveratrol is also found in some skincare products due to its antioxidant properties. | ||
=== Safety and Side Effects === | ===Safety and Side Effects=== | ||
;General Safety | ;General Safety | ||
: Resveratrol is generally considered safe when taken in recommended amounts, but excessive consumption can lead to side effects. | :Resveratrol is generally considered safe when taken in recommended amounts, but excessive consumption can lead to side effects. | ||
;Common Side Effects | ;Common Side Effects | ||
: Some people may experience gastrointestinal issues, headaches, or a feeling of jitteriness. | :Some people may experience gastrointestinal issues, headaches, or a feeling of jitteriness. | ||
;Interactions | ;Interactions | ||
: It is crucial to consider potential interactions with other medications or supplements, and consultation with a healthcare provider is recommended before starting resveratrol supplementation. | :It is crucial to consider potential interactions with other medications or supplements, and consultation with a healthcare provider is recommended before starting resveratrol supplementation. | ||
;Pregnancy and Breastfeeding | ;Pregnancy and Breastfeeding | ||
: The safety of resveratrol during pregnancy and breastfeeding has not been well studied, and therefore, its use is not recommended in these situations. | :The safety of resveratrol during pregnancy and breastfeeding has not been well studied, and therefore, its use is not recommended in these situations. | ||
== Lifestyle and Synergistic Approaches == | ==Lifestyle and Synergistic Approaches== | ||
=== Combining Resveratrol with a Healthy Lifestyle === | ===Combining Resveratrol with a Healthy Lifestyle=== | ||
* '''Physical Activity:''' Regular exercise can enhance the benefits of resveratrol in promoting cardiovascular health and reducing the risk of chronic diseases. | *'''Physical Activity:''' Regular exercise can enhance the benefits of resveratrol in promoting cardiovascular health and reducing the risk of chronic diseases. | ||
* '''Balanced Diet:''' A diet rich in fruits, vegetables, lean proteins, and healthy fats can complement the effects of resveratrol. | *'''Balanced Diet:''' A diet rich in fruits, vegetables, lean proteins, and healthy fats can complement the effects of resveratrol. | ||
* '''Adequate Sleep:''' Quality sleep is crucial for overall well-being and can maximize the potential benefits of resveratrol on longevity. | *'''Adequate Sleep:''' Quality sleep is crucial for overall well-being and can maximize the potential benefits of resveratrol on longevity. | ||
* '''Stress Management:''' Managing stress through relaxation techniques such as meditation and yoga can be beneficial in conjunction with resveratrol supplementation. | *'''Stress Management:''' Managing stress through relaxation techniques such as meditation and yoga can be beneficial in conjunction with resveratrol supplementation. | ||
=== Synergistic Effects with Other Supplements === | ===Synergistic Effects with Other Supplements=== | ||
* '''Quercetin:''' When combined with resveratrol, quercetin can enhance anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects. | *'''Quercetin:''' When combined with resveratrol, quercetin can enhance anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects. | ||
* '''Pterostilbene:''' This compound is similar to resveratrol and can boost its effects on sirtuin activation and cellular health. | *'''Pterostilbene:''' This compound is similar to resveratrol and can boost its effects on sirtuin activation and cellular health. | ||
* '''Curcumin:''' The combination of resveratrol and curcumin can offer enhanced protection against inflammation and oxidative stress. | *'''Curcumin:''' The combination of resveratrol and curcumin can offer enhanced protection against inflammation and oxidative stress. | ||
=== Dietary Considerations === | ===Dietary Considerations=== | ||
* '''Caloric Restriction:''' A reduced calorie intake can potentiate the effects of resveratrol on lifespan extension. | *'''Caloric Restriction:''' A reduced calorie intake can potentiate the effects of resveratrol on lifespan extension. | ||
* '''Polyphenol-Rich Foods:''' Consuming foods high in polyphenols, such as berries and dark chocolate, can complement the benefits of resveratrol. | *'''Polyphenol-Rich Foods:''' Consuming foods high in polyphenols, such as berries and dark chocolate, can complement the benefits of resveratrol. | ||
* '''Alcohol Consumption:''' Moderate consumption of red wine, a source of resveratrol, can be part of a healthy lifestyle, but excessive alcohol intake can negate the benefits. | *'''Alcohol Consumption:''' Moderate consumption of red wine, a source of resveratrol, can be part of a healthy lifestyle, but excessive alcohol intake can negate the benefits. | ||
== References == | ==References== | ||
<references /> | <references /> | ||
[[Category:Orally Consumable Longevity Molecules]] | [[Category:Orally Consumable Longevity Molecules]] | ||