NAD+ Boosters: Difference between revisions
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NAD+ boosters are substances or interventions designed to increase levels of [[Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide (NAD)|NAD+ (Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide)]], a critical coenzyme found in every cell, essential for cellular energy production, metabolism, and repair processes. Boosting NAD+ levels is of significant interest in the fields of health and longevity, as declining levels of NAD+ are associated with aging and various age-related diseases. | NAD+ boosters are substances or interventions designed to increase levels of [[Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide (NAD)|NAD+ (Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide)]], a critical coenzyme found in every cell, essential for cellular energy production, metabolism, and repair processes. Boosting NAD+ levels is of significant interest in the fields of health and longevity, as declining levels of NAD+ are associated with aging and various age-related diseases. | ||
== NAD+ | == Overview of NAD+ Boosters == | ||
== Boosting NAD+ by Inhibiting NAD+ Consumers == | === NAD+ Precursors === | ||
NAD+ consumers are enzymes that use NAD+ as a substrate, reducing the available NAD+ in the cell. By inhibiting these consumers, more NAD+ remains available for other cellular processes. | [[NAD+ Precursor|NAD+ precursors]] are compounds that serve as substrates in the biosynthesis of NAD+. They can be converted into NAD+ within the body, thus serving as effective NAD+ boosters. | ||
* '''[[Nicotinamide Mononucleotide (NMN)]]:''' A compound that can directly stimulate NAD+ synthesis, playing a crucial role in energy metabolism and cell vitality. | |||
* '''[[Nicotinamide Riboside (NR)]]:''' Another precursor that is converted into NMN in the body before participating in the synthesis of NAD+. | |||
* '''[[Nicotinamide (NAM)]]:''' A form of vitamin B3, acts as an NAD+ precursor via the NAD+ salvage pathway. | |||
=== Boosting NAD+ by Inhibiting NAD+ Consumers === | |||
NAD+ consumers ([[NADase]]) are enzymes that use NAD+ as a substrate, reducing the available NAD+ in the cell. By inhibiting these consumers, more NAD+ remains available for other cellular processes. | |||
* '''[[Sirtuins]]:''' A family of proteins that deacetylate proteins and consume NAD+ in the process. Compounds like resveratrol can activate sirtuins and the subsequent cellular effects can create an environment where cells might maintain or produce NAD+ more efficiently, which could indirectly support NAD+ availability. | * '''[[Sirtuins]]:''' A family of proteins that deacetylate proteins and consume NAD+ in the process. Compounds like resveratrol can activate sirtuins and the subsequent cellular effects can create an environment where cells might maintain or produce NAD+ more efficiently, which could indirectly support NAD+ availability. | ||
* '''PARPs (Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerases):''' Enzymes involved in DNA repair that also consume NAD+. Inhibiting PARP activity can help maintain NAD+ levels. | * '''PARPs (Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerases):''' Enzymes involved in DNA repair that also consume NAD+. Inhibiting PARP activity can help maintain NAD+ levels. | ||
* '''CD38:''' A glycoprotein that uses NAD+; reducing CD38 levels or activity can potentially elevate NAD+ levels. | * '''CD38:''' A glycoprotein that uses NAD+; reducing CD38 levels or activity can potentially elevate NAD+ levels. | ||
== Other NAD+ Boosting | === Other NAD+ Boosting Compounds === | ||
Beyond precursors and inhibitors of NAD+ consumers, several other supplements claim to boost NAD+ levels or improve NAD+ metabolism. | Beyond precursors and inhibitors of NAD+ consumers, several other supplements claim to boost NAD+ levels or improve NAD+ metabolism. | ||
* '''[[Resveratrol]]:''' While primarily known as a sirtuin activator, it might also have indirect effects on NAD+ levels and metabolism. | * '''[[Resveratrol]]:''' While primarily known as a sirtuin activator, it might also have indirect effects on NAD+ levels and metabolism. | ||
* '''[[Quercetin]]:''' A flavonoid that can inhibit CD38 and may, therefore, increase NAD+ levels indirectly. | * '''[[Quercetin]]:''' A flavonoid that can inhibit CD38 and may, therefore, increase NAD+ levels indirectly. | ||
* '''[[Pterostilbene]]:''' A polyphenol, similar to resveratrol, purported to have beneficial effects on NAD+ metabolism and sirtuin activation. | * '''[[Pterostilbene]]:''' A polyphenol, similar to resveratrol, purported to have beneficial effects on NAD+ metabolism and sirtuin activation. | ||
* '''[[Apigenin]]:''' A natural compound found in various fruits and vegetables, apigenin is studied for its potential to inhibit CD38 and may, therefore, increase NAD+ levels indirectly. | |||
== Interventions to Boost NAD+ == | === Interventions to Boost NAD+ === | ||
Apart from supplements, certain lifestyle and dietary interventions may also support NAD+ levels. | Apart from supplements, certain lifestyle and dietary interventions may also support NAD+ levels. | ||
* '''[[Exercise]]:''' Regular physical activity has been shown to increase NAD+ levels, likely due to enhanced energy metabolism and increased demand for ATP. | * '''[[Exercise]]:''' Regular physical activity has been shown to increase NAD+ levels, likely due to enhanced energy metabolism and increased demand for ATP. | ||
* '''[[Caloric Restriction]]:''' Reducing calorie intake without malnutrition can elevate NAD+ levels, potentially through the activation of sirtuins and improved metabolic efficiency. | * '''[[Caloric Restriction]]:''' Reducing calorie intake without malnutrition can elevate NAD+ levels, potentially through the activation of sirtuins and improved metabolic efficiency. | ||
* '''[[Intermittent Fasting]]:''' This dietary approach can also elevate NAD+ levels, likely through mechanisms similar to caloric restriction, such as increased stress resistance and metabolic adaptations. | * '''[[Intermittent Fasting]]:''' This dietary approach can also elevate NAD+ levels, likely through mechanisms similar to caloric restriction, such as increased stress resistance and metabolic adaptations. | ||
=== NAD+ Infusions === | |||
[[NAD+ Infusion|NAD+ infusions]] represent a direct method of increasing NAD+ levels in the body. This intervention involves intravenous administration of NAD+, allowing for higher bioavailability compared to oral supplements. | |||
* '''Effectiveness:''' NAD+ infusions have been reported to quickly elevate NAD+ levels, potentially offering immediate benefits such as enhanced energy, improved mood, and reduced withdrawal symptoms in addiction treatment. | |||
* '''Uses:''' This method is utilized primarily in clinical settings and is explored for its potential benefits in addressing conditions like chronic fatigue, addiction, and age-related cognitive decline. | |||
* '''Safety and Accessibility:''' While generally considered safe when administered under medical supervision, the accessibility, long-term effects, and optimal dosing of NAD+ infusions require further research and standardization. | |||
== Comparison == | == Comparison == | ||
{{Citations Needed}} | |||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
! Booster | ! Booster | ||
| Line 33: | Line 42: | ||
! Notes | ! Notes | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | [[Nicotinamide Mononucleotide (NMN)]] | ||
| NAD+ Precursor | | NAD+ Precursor | ||
| High | | High | ||
| Line 43: | Line 52: | ||
| Converted to NMN in the body before participating in NAD+ synthesis | | Converted to NMN in the body before participating in NAD+ synthesis | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Nicotinamide (NAM) | | [[Nicotinamide (NAM)]] | ||
| NAD+ Precursor via the salvage pathway | | NAD+ Precursor via the salvage pathway | ||
| Medium | | Medium | ||
| More research needed on optimal dosing and long-term effects | | More research needed on optimal dosing and long-term effects | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Resveratrol | | [[Resveratrol]] | ||
| Sirtuin activator; may have indirect effects on NAD+ levels and metabolism | | Sirtuin activator; may have indirect effects on NAD+ levels and metabolism | ||
| Low to Medium | | Low to Medium | ||
| Effectiveness may be influenced by individual metabolic differences and supplement formulation | | Effectiveness may be influenced by individual metabolic differences and supplement formulation | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Quercetin | | [[Quercetin]] | ||
| Inhibits CD38; may increase NAD+ levels indirectly | | Inhibits CD38; may increase NAD+ levels indirectly | ||
| Low to Medium | | Low to Medium | ||
| More research needed to quantify the impact on NAD+ levels | | More research needed to quantify the impact on NAD+ levels | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Pterostilbene | | [[Pterostilbene]] | ||
| Similar to resveratrol; purported to have beneficial effects on NAD+ metabolism and sirtuin activation | | Similar to resveratrol; purported to have beneficial effects on NAD+ metabolism and sirtuin activation | ||
| Low to Medium | | Low to Medium | ||
| Requires more rigorous studies to confirm efficacy | | Requires more rigorous studies to confirm efficacy | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Exercise | | [[Exercise]] | ||
| Increases NAD+ levels likely due to enhanced energy metabolism and increased demand for ATP | | Increases NAD+ levels likely due to enhanced energy metabolism and increased demand for ATP | ||
| Medium to High | | Medium to High | ||
| Effectiveness may depend on exercise type, intensity, and individual fitness level | | Effectiveness may depend on exercise type, intensity, and individual fitness level | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Caloric Restriction | | [[Caloric Restriction]] | ||
| Elevates NAD+ levels potentially through the activation of sirtuins and improved metabolic efficiency | | Elevates NAD+ levels potentially through the activation of sirtuins and improved metabolic efficiency | ||
| High | | High | ||
| Sustained caloric restriction may have compliance challenges | | Sustained caloric restriction may have compliance challenges | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Intermittent Fasting | | [[Intermittent Fasting]] | ||
| Elevates NAD+ levels through mechanisms similar to caloric restriction | | Elevates NAD+ levels through mechanisms similar to caloric restriction | ||
| Medium to High | | Medium to High | ||
| Impact may vary depending on the specific fasting protocol employed | | Impact may vary depending on the specific fasting protocol employed | ||
|- | |||
| [[NAD+ Infusion]] | |||
| Direct intravenous administration of NAD+ | |||
| High | |||
| Rapid elevation of NAD+ levels; primarily used in clinical settings; requires further research on long-term effects and optimal dosing | |||
|} | |} | ||
= Conclusion = | = Conclusion = | ||
NAD+ boosters, encompassing NAD+ precursors, inhibitors of NAD+ consuming enzymes, and various other supplements, along with non-supplemental measures like exercise and dietary modifications, offer promising avenues to enhance cellular vitality, metabolism, and potentially, longevity. While the science is evolving, understanding the diverse approaches to boost NAD+ highlights the multifaceted nature of cellular health and provides multiple pathways to explore for maintaining optimal health and combating age-related decline. | NAD+ boosters, encompassing NAD+ precursors, inhibitors of NAD+ consuming enzymes, and various other supplements, along with non-supplemental measures like exercise and dietary modifications, offer promising avenues to enhance cellular vitality, metabolism, and potentially, longevity. While the science is evolving, understanding the diverse approaches to boost NAD+ highlights the multifaceted nature of cellular health and provides multiple pathways to explore for maintaining optimal health and combating age-related decline. | ||
[[Category:Lifespan | |||
== Todo == | |||
* {{pmid text|35134387}} | |||
* {{pmid text|36139711}} | |||
== References == | |||
<references /> | |||
[[Category:Lifespan Extending]] | |||
Latest revision as of 09:48, 11 December 2023
NAD+ boosters are substances or interventions designed to increase levels of NAD+ (Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide), a critical coenzyme found in every cell, essential for cellular energy production, metabolism, and repair processes. Boosting NAD+ levels is of significant interest in the fields of health and longevity, as declining levels of NAD+ are associated with aging and various age-related diseases.
Overview of NAD+ Boosters
NAD+ Precursors
NAD+ precursors are compounds that serve as substrates in the biosynthesis of NAD+. They can be converted into NAD+ within the body, thus serving as effective NAD+ boosters.
- Nicotinamide Mononucleotide (NMN): A compound that can directly stimulate NAD+ synthesis, playing a crucial role in energy metabolism and cell vitality.
- Nicotinamide Riboside (NR): Another precursor that is converted into NMN in the body before participating in the synthesis of NAD+.
- Nicotinamide (NAM): A form of vitamin B3, acts as an NAD+ precursor via the NAD+ salvage pathway.
Boosting NAD+ by Inhibiting NAD+ Consumers
NAD+ consumers (NADase) are enzymes that use NAD+ as a substrate, reducing the available NAD+ in the cell. By inhibiting these consumers, more NAD+ remains available for other cellular processes.
- Sirtuins: A family of proteins that deacetylate proteins and consume NAD+ in the process. Compounds like resveratrol can activate sirtuins and the subsequent cellular effects can create an environment where cells might maintain or produce NAD+ more efficiently, which could indirectly support NAD+ availability.
- PARPs (Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerases): Enzymes involved in DNA repair that also consume NAD+. Inhibiting PARP activity can help maintain NAD+ levels.
- CD38: A glycoprotein that uses NAD+; reducing CD38 levels or activity can potentially elevate NAD+ levels.
Other NAD+ Boosting Compounds
Beyond precursors and inhibitors of NAD+ consumers, several other supplements claim to boost NAD+ levels or improve NAD+ metabolism.
- Resveratrol: While primarily known as a sirtuin activator, it might also have indirect effects on NAD+ levels and metabolism.
- Quercetin: A flavonoid that can inhibit CD38 and may, therefore, increase NAD+ levels indirectly.
- Pterostilbene: A polyphenol, similar to resveratrol, purported to have beneficial effects on NAD+ metabolism and sirtuin activation.
- Apigenin: A natural compound found in various fruits and vegetables, apigenin is studied for its potential to inhibit CD38 and may, therefore, increase NAD+ levels indirectly.
Interventions to Boost NAD+
Apart from supplements, certain lifestyle and dietary interventions may also support NAD+ levels.
- Exercise: Regular physical activity has been shown to increase NAD+ levels, likely due to enhanced energy metabolism and increased demand for ATP.
- Caloric Restriction: Reducing calorie intake without malnutrition can elevate NAD+ levels, potentially through the activation of sirtuins and improved metabolic efficiency.
- Intermittent Fasting: This dietary approach can also elevate NAD+ levels, likely through mechanisms similar to caloric restriction, such as increased stress resistance and metabolic adaptations.
NAD+ Infusions
NAD+ infusions represent a direct method of increasing NAD+ levels in the body. This intervention involves intravenous administration of NAD+, allowing for higher bioavailability compared to oral supplements.
- Effectiveness: NAD+ infusions have been reported to quickly elevate NAD+ levels, potentially offering immediate benefits such as enhanced energy, improved mood, and reduced withdrawal symptoms in addiction treatment.
- Uses: This method is utilized primarily in clinical settings and is explored for its potential benefits in addressing conditions like chronic fatigue, addiction, and age-related cognitive decline.
- Safety and Accessibility: While generally considered safe when administered under medical supervision, the accessibility, long-term effects, and optimal dosing of NAD+ infusions require further research and standardization.
Comparison
This section or article needs additional citations for verification. You can help by expanding it.
| Booster | Mechanism of Action | Relative Strength | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| Nicotinamide Mononucleotide (NMN) | NAD+ Precursor | High | Well-researched, direct precursor to NAD+ |
| NR (Nicotinamide Riboside) | NAD+ Precursor | High | Converted to NMN in the body before participating in NAD+ synthesis |
| Nicotinamide (NAM) | NAD+ Precursor via the salvage pathway | Medium | More research needed on optimal dosing and long-term effects |
| Resveratrol | Sirtuin activator; may have indirect effects on NAD+ levels and metabolism | Low to Medium | Effectiveness may be influenced by individual metabolic differences and supplement formulation |
| Quercetin | Inhibits CD38; may increase NAD+ levels indirectly | Low to Medium | More research needed to quantify the impact on NAD+ levels |
| Pterostilbene | Similar to resveratrol; purported to have beneficial effects on NAD+ metabolism and sirtuin activation | Low to Medium | Requires more rigorous studies to confirm efficacy |
| Exercise | Increases NAD+ levels likely due to enhanced energy metabolism and increased demand for ATP | Medium to High | Effectiveness may depend on exercise type, intensity, and individual fitness level |
| Caloric Restriction | Elevates NAD+ levels potentially through the activation of sirtuins and improved metabolic efficiency | High | Sustained caloric restriction may have compliance challenges |
| Intermittent Fasting | Elevates NAD+ levels through mechanisms similar to caloric restriction | Medium to High | Impact may vary depending on the specific fasting protocol employed |
| NAD+ Infusion | Direct intravenous administration of NAD+ | High | Rapid elevation of NAD+ levels; primarily used in clinical settings; requires further research on long-term effects and optimal dosing |
Conclusion
NAD+ boosters, encompassing NAD+ precursors, inhibitors of NAD+ consuming enzymes, and various other supplements, along with non-supplemental measures like exercise and dietary modifications, offer promising avenues to enhance cellular vitality, metabolism, and potentially, longevity. While the science is evolving, understanding the diverse approaches to boost NAD+ highlights the multifaceted nature of cellular health and provides multiple pathways to explore for maintaining optimal health and combating age-related decline.
Todo
- 2022, A systems-approach to NAD+ restoration [1]
- 2022, Current Uncertainties and Future Challenges Regarding NAD+ Boosting Strategies [2]
References
- ↑ Conlon N & Ford D: A systems-approach to NAD+ restoration. Biochem Pharmacol 2022. (PMID 35134387) [PubMed] [DOI] A decline in NAD+ is a feature of ageing and may play a causal role in the process. NAD+ plays a pivotal role in myriad processes important in cellular metabolism and is a cosubstrate for enzymes that play key roles in pathways that modify ageing. Thus, interventions that increase NAD+ may slow aspects of the ageing trajectory and there is great interest in pharmacological NAD+ restoration. Dietary supplementation with NAD+ precursors, particularly nicotinamide riboside, has increased NAD+ levels in several human intervention studies and arguably been the most robust approach to date. However, consistency and reliability of such approaches to increase NAD+, and also impact on markers of efficacy to slow or reverse features of ageing, has been inconsistent. We argue that a major element of this variability may arise from the use of single-target approaches that do not consider the underlying biological complexity leading to NAD+ decline. Thus, a systems approach - targeting multiple key nodes in the NAD+ interactome - is likely to be more efficacious and reliable.
- ↑ Poljšak B et al.: Current Uncertainties and Future Challenges Regarding NAD+ Boosting Strategies. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022. (PMID 36139711) [PubMed] [DOI] [Full text] Precursors of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+), modulators of enzymes of the NAD+ biosynthesis pathways and inhibitors of NAD+ consuming enzymes, are the main boosters of NAD+. Increasing public awareness and interest in anti-ageing strategies and health-promoting lifestyles have grown the interest in the use of NAD+ boosters as dietary supplements, both in scientific circles and among the general population. Here, we discuss the current trends in NAD+ precursor usage as well as the uncertainties in dosage, timing, safety, and side effects. There are many unknowns regarding pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics, particularly bioavailability, metabolism, and tissue specificity of NAD+ boosters. Given the lack of long-term safety studies, there is a need for more clinical trials to determine the proper dose of NAD+ boosters and treatment duration for aging prevention and as disease therapy. Further research will also need to address the long-term consequences of increased NAD+ and the best approaches and combinations to increase NAD+ levels. The answers to the above questions will contribute to the more efficient and safer use of NAD+ boosters.