NAD+ Precursor: Difference between revisions

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    NAD+ precursors are molecules that can be converted into [[NAD+]], a vital coenzyme found in all living cells, crucial for energy production, cellular repair, and longevity. Taking NAD+ directly is generally considered inefficient due to its inability to enter cells directly due to its large size and polar nature, making it unable to cross the cell membrane effectively. Thus, NAD+ precursors like NMN, NR, and NA, which are smaller and can enter cells more easily, are used to increase cellular NAD+ levels, as they can be converted into NAD+ once inside the cells. These precursors are therefore preferred for supplementation to boost NAD+ levels efficiently within the body.
    NAD+ precursors are molecules that can be converted into [[NAD+]], a vital coenzyme found in all living cells, crucial for energy production, cellular repair, and longevity. Taking NAD+ directly is generally considered inefficient due to its inability to enter cells directly due to its large size and polar nature, making it unable to cross the cell membrane effectively. Thus, NAD+ precursors like NMN, NR, and NA, which are smaller and can enter cells more easily, are used to increase cellular NAD+ levels, as they can be converted into NAD+ once inside the cells. These precursors are therefore preferred for supplementation to boost NAD+ levels efficiently within the body.


    * '''[[Nicotinamide Mononucleotide (NMN)]]:''' A prominent NAD+ precursor, NMN, is involved in the biosynthesis of NAD+. NMN enters cells via specific transporters and is converted to NAD+ through a series of enzymatic reactions.
    {| class="wikitable"
    * '''[[Nicotinamide Riboside (NR)]]:''' Another significant precursor, NR, is converted into NMN before participating in NAD+ synthesis. NR can enter cells through unique transporters and is phosphorylated to NMN by the enzyme NR kinase.
    |+NAD+ Precursors
    * '''[[Nicotinamide (NAM)]]:''' NAM, a form of vitamin B3, is also a precursor of NAD+, contributing to its synthesis through the salvage pathway. NAM is converted to NMN by the enzyme nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT).
    !Precursor
    * '''[[Nicotinic Acid (NA)]]:''' NA, another form of vitamin B3, serves as a precursor of NAD+ through the Preiss-Handler pathway. NA is converted to NAD+ via a series of enzymatic reactions, first to nicotinic acid mononucleotide (NAMN), then to nicotinic acid adenine dinucleotide (NAAD), and finally to NAD+.
    ![[Nicotinamide Mononucleotide (NMN)]]
    ![[Nicotinamide Riboside (NR)]]
    ![[Nicotinamide (NAM)]]
    ![[Nicotinic Acid (NA)]]
    |-
    !Description
    |A vital NAD+ precursor involved in the biosynthesis of NAD+. NMN enters cells via specific transporters.
    |A significant precursor that is converted into NMN before participating in NAD+ synthesis. NR can enter cells through unique transporters.
    |A form of vitamin B3 and a precursor of NAD+, contributing to its synthesis through the salvage pathway.
    |Another form of vitamin B3 serving as a precursor of NAD+.
    |-
    !Pathway
    |N/A
    |N/A
    |Salvage Pathway
    |Preiss-Handler Pathway
    |-
    !Conversion Process
    |Converted directly to NAD+ through a series of enzymatic reactions.
    |Phosphorylated to NMN by the enzyme NR kinase, then converted to NAD+.
    | Converted to NMN by the enzyme nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT), then to NAD+.
    |Converted to NAD+ via a series of enzymatic reactions: NA → NAMN → NAAD NAD+.
    |}


    == See also ==
    ==See also==


    * [[Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide (NAD)]]
    *[[Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide (NAD)]]
    * [[NAD+ Booster]]
    *[[NAD+ Booster]]


    [[Category:Molecular and Cellular Biology]]
    [[Category:Molecular and Cellular Biology]]

    Revision as of 20:41, 31 October 2023

    NAD+ precursors are molecules that can be converted into NAD+, a vital coenzyme found in all living cells, crucial for energy production, cellular repair, and longevity. Taking NAD+ directly is generally considered inefficient due to its inability to enter cells directly due to its large size and polar nature, making it unable to cross the cell membrane effectively. Thus, NAD+ precursors like NMN, NR, and NA, which are smaller and can enter cells more easily, are used to increase cellular NAD+ levels, as they can be converted into NAD+ once inside the cells. These precursors are therefore preferred for supplementation to boost NAD+ levels efficiently within the body.

    NAD+ Precursors
    Precursor Nicotinamide Mononucleotide (NMN) Nicotinamide Riboside (NR) Nicotinamide (NAM) Nicotinic Acid (NA)
    Description A vital NAD+ precursor involved in the biosynthesis of NAD+. NMN enters cells via specific transporters. A significant precursor that is converted into NMN before participating in NAD+ synthesis. NR can enter cells through unique transporters. A form of vitamin B3 and a precursor of NAD+, contributing to its synthesis through the salvage pathway. Another form of vitamin B3 serving as a precursor of NAD+.
    Pathway N/A N/A Salvage Pathway Preiss-Handler Pathway
    Conversion Process Converted directly to NAD+ through a series of enzymatic reactions. Phosphorylated to NMN by the enzyme NR kinase, then converted to NAD+. Converted to NMN by the enzyme nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT), then to NAD+. Converted to NAD+ via a series of enzymatic reactions: NA → NAMN → NAAD → NAD+.

    See also