2020-01-30 - Talk Dr. David Sinclair - IVY Masterclass - How to Extend Your Lifespan with David Sinclair: Difference between revisions
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== Transcript == | == Transcript == |
Revision as of 21:37, 13 September 2023
- Length: 1:46:11
- Interviewee: Dr. David Sinclair
Transcript
Introduction
0:06 | all right do you know the comedian run wait right I'm Ron white tonight and and |
0:14 | you you have the the fortune of having me with wine in my hands so whatever you |
0:20 | ask is gonna give you a big truthful answer all right how do I live longer |
0:26 | that's a good question but I don't know if you know me for the red wine story that was about 12 13 |
0:35 | years ago or when we found that red wine in particular a molecule in red wine |
0:40 | called resveratrol what it would basically make animals resistant to the effects of a Western high-fat diet |
0:47 | and live just as long as an animal that was thin and healthy we published that |
0:52 | and that that was some of the media that I first was exposed to that was the |
0:59 | Barbara Walters interview on 60 minutes but sales of red wine went up 30% yep |
1:05 | right so so I've since learned invest in things that are going to go up in price |
1:11 | not but that we've come a long way since then a long long way and I'm fortunate |
1:17 | you all have a copy of my first book which is a description of really why we |
1:26 | should think about our lives very differently most people are going through their lives right now not |
1:32 | realizing that they're going to live a lot longer than they think a lot longer we look at our grandparents and |
1:38 | sometimes our parents and think okay that's how long we're gonna live but the truth is that our generations and even |
1:47 | more so our children's generation and you know we can talk about our grandkids what's going to happen is that we're |
1:53 | going to continue to live longer and longer but the real question and what's most important to me is are we going to |
2:00 | live healthier because there's no point in keeping the body alive which is what modern quote/unquote medicine is doing |
2:07 | if it's going to keep our brains the same age right and that's what we've been doing we haven't been very good at |
2:14 | keeping our brains young so my goal is really to first of all understand why do |
2:19 | we age how do we slow it down is it reversible and can we keep the whole body younger |
2:25 | and I believe we can and that's what I'm gonna tell you about tonight so now I'm |
Why stay young
2:33 | actually 75 that that's a joke but I'm in my 50s now so it's it's getting more |
2:39 | and more personal but I started off this project when I was four years old I know |
2:46 | it's hard to believe but you you'll read about the story that my grandmother who raised me in part she was a very young |
2:52 | grandmother she had my father she gave birth to my father when she was fifteen so to me she wasn't a grandmother she |
2:59 | was more like a friend and she wasn't just young she wasn't just you know 40s |
3:04 | when I was a kid but she was young at heart she was so immature and irresponsible it was excellent and my |
3:11 | mother really didn't appreciate that at all but I was raised essentially by my grandmother who taught me a few things |
3:16 | in life which is the reason I'm here today talking to you the first was adults screw up everything and she had |
3:24 | lived through World War two and the aftermath and she thought wow humans |
3:29 | really can do a lot of bad things so she said to you know little four-year-old David you have to do really good things |
3:35 | and show humanity the best that they can be stay young six is the youngest the |
3:42 | best age it's it's so if you ask my wife I'm definitely still a kid in my mind |
3:48 | she's the one that makes sure everything runs on time and the kids actually get to school but it's been great for my |
3:55 | career because I'm a scientist and scientists succeed typically if they stay young and why is that helpful well |
4:03 | it's not the immaturity and the irresponsibility that's that's helpful it's the curiosity the wonder of life |
4:10 | and I've managed to keep that and I struggled to keep it because the world is a scary and sad place many times but |
4:19 | what I try to do mice the secret of my success as a scientist to share that |
4:25 | with you is the following I try to imagine what life would look like to an |
4:32 | alien what I mean by that I mean that if we can get rid of every preconceived idea |
4:38 | we've never watched a movie we've never delved into politics there's no tradition and we just looked at humanity |
4:46 | from above and said how do they score are we a 1 out of 5 or they are 5 out of |
4:52 | 5 I think we're kind of a 2 out of 5 at this point and we can do a lot better |
4:57 | and one of the things that aliens would do when they looked at us they would say well great they figured out pi the debt |
5:07 | that the the numeral numeral PI to a million decimal places great get a gold |
5:14 | star for that they figured out equals mc-squared that's pretty good kind of advancing what else would be good well |
5:21 | that they've traveled to a rock that's floating around their planet good stuff guys |
5:26 | but they'd say well what about medicine and we'd say well we're tackling this |
5:32 | heart disease it's really bad in it and then there's diabetes we've got to solve that and they'd say that's great but do |
5:40 | you know what causes all those things we'd say uh I'm not sure what and they'd say aging aging is your problem and we |
5:48 | would right now in our civilization we'd say aging isn't that just natural isn't |
5:54 | it shouldn't we just deal with that and they said the aliens would say guys and |
5:59 | ladies aging is just as natural as |
6:05 | cancer and heart disease and Alzheimer's why are you focusing on all those things that kill you while ignoring all the |
6:12 | things that cause those things in the first place so my argument is why are we focusing on what causes us to fall off |
6:18 | the cliff without even talking about let alone working on in a big way what |
6:24 | drives off us to that edge of the cliff in the first place and so my mother she died a few years ago from lung cancer |
6:31 | and I'll be the first person to say lung cancer and cancer in general is a great push you to solve cancer but we spend I |
6:39 | think it's about five billion dollars a year just on research alone on cancer |
6:45 | but cancer is only part of the story if you smoke like my mother did your |
6:51 | chance of getting cancer lung cancer goes up by about fivefold which is |
6:57 | really bad right so we try not to smoke and there's big government campaigns to try and prevent it but if you go from 20 |
7:04 | to 70 your chances of getting lung cancer go up by five hundred fold and nobody's even talking about it so what's |
7:12 | the major killer it's aging so my goal with my research at Harvard Medical School which I've |
7:17 | been doing at Harvard for 20 years and five years over the road at MIT is to |
7:24 | figure out why do we age I mean does any doesn't anyone have a clue why we age |
7:30 | does anyone really and do any of you think about it probably not right |
7:35 | because even doctors who treat aging the gerontologists they don't think about it |
7:40 | either it's as though we're we've evolved to not even think about it and I think the reason is that it's too |
7:46 | painful to think about mortality I mean let's do a little experiment and I've |
7:51 | never done this before this is off the cuff think about your parents if they're |
7:57 | still alive that's great if they're not imagine that they're still with you what would you give for an extra month |
8:04 | with with them to be able to talk to them spend time with them show them what you've been doing spend time with your |
8:11 | grandkids those those are the important things in life and we we don't even |
8:19 | think about our own mortality typically it's really quite painful right to think |
8:24 | that one day literally none of this will be around for us and we'll be we'll be |
8:29 | out of here that's scary stuff right you got the whole hold on about 100 |
8:34 | religions to help us with that but my book is is not a negative message it's |
8:41 | not oh let's all freak out because we're going to die it's more let's focus on |
8:46 | what's going wrong during aging and try and keep all of us our parents ourselves |
8:51 | healthier until 90 or hundred or beyond and the good news is the science which |
8:58 | I'll tell you about tonight says that it's not about extending lifespan even though that's the title of |
9:04 | the book it's about extending health span so that you don't have to be sick when you're 70 or 80 and I'll show you |
9:11 | that it's very possible with things that we can do today with our lives and I I'm |
9:17 | quite happy that I heard some of the right things tonight about what you should be doing the other great message |
9:23 | and inspiring fact is that only 20% of |
9:30 | your life span and health in old age 20% is genetic and we know that because |
9:36 | we've studied twins and twins there's always a good bet good twin and a bad twin right and the bad twin who goes in |
9:44 | the Sun who smokes who doesn't exercise who eats a lot of food that's when we'll age rapidly not just be sick but but |
9:51 | literally you can measure aging now I'll tell you about the clock in our bodies so we know that 80% of our existence and |
9:59 | our health is in our own hands that's great that's really my message and one |
10:05 | of the reasons I wrote the book is that don't be afraid of aging take action because you really can have a big impact |
10:11 | on your own life and spread the word because there's really a lot we can do |
10:16 | fairly simple things to live longer and healthier all right so that's let's see |
10:25 | if we can get this all right okay so |
Multiple Choice Question
10:35 | this is a picture of a young person an old person and when I asked you how long do you want to live which I will do |
10:42 | think about that I want you to imagine that some of the technologies that I'm |
10:47 | going to talk about tonight and the things you can do will actually work okay so you might have an extra five |
10:53 | years ten years so my question to you is it's a multiple choice question but you get to get to vote once who of |
11:03 | you wants to live just 280 and then and then you know pass away is 80 enough for |
11:11 | you you are the first audience who has zero at 80 fantastic what that means is |
11:20 | either I've convinced you but I think what more importantly what it says is that you're an audience who's really |
11:26 | enjoying life why not why if you love life why would you want it to end |
11:32 | of course not if as long as you're healthy and enjoying what you're doing nobody wants to die if I actually told |
11:38 | you you're all 110 and that you know imagine we go up to City Hall in |
11:44 | Cambridge and there's a summer at the desk and they made a mistake on your |
11:49 | birth certificate turns out you're actually 110 you didn't know it do you suddenly want to kill yourself no of |
11:56 | course right just being a certain age doesn't mean you want to die it's how you feel how |
12:04 | about let's let's pick another number who would like to live beyond a hundred |
12:09 | well that's where I'm going all right no no that's okay but you still got a |
12:16 | vote and then we'll come back all right well let's jump ahead what about 150 |
12:22 | does that sound attractive enough if T okay so in it does to Penn so that's |
12:27 | where we're going what about immortality yeah so you must really love what you don't all right so |
12:34 | so here's the catch most people and and you're you're a cut above most audience |
12:39 | as I speak to I can tell already most people say 80 or 100 that's enough |
12:45 | because they've seen what it looks like to get old but because I think I prepped you and I think because you think more |
12:52 | deeply than most we're talking about being a hundred and still being able to |
12:58 | play tennis and hang out with the great grandkids and live a life like we do today without losing your mind and |
13:04 | that's what we're we're talking about with the things that I can tell you today and the technologies that are |
13:11 | coming very soon so let's uh let me ask you again okay I'm certain none of you won't have |
13:16 | changed your mind about 80 but what about a hundred anybody want to die at a |
13:21 | hundred even if you're feeling the same way as you do today it's enough you get you get bored with |
13:28 | life out of here okay that's fair enough everyone's choice night yeah |
13:40 | living in yeah well so one of the points I make in my book is that we should have |
13:46 | the choice to die when we want to as well all right that's just as important to choosing how long you can live so a |
13:53 | hundred how about let's go 250 yeah maybe somewhere in between 120 what what |
14:02 | what makes you feel that way yeah I I |
14:10 | pity your parents well you well I'm |
14:18 | gonna say that at 150 you you look and feel the same way you do today and so do all your |
14:24 | family and friends so nothing's changed just just the number of candles you have |
14:30 | to put on your birthday cake is there a date where you don't want to live anymore |
14:46 | [Music] |
15:01 | so we can get into the laws of thermodynamics I'm prepared for that |
15:07 | psychologically though so here's what I'm trying to get out if you don't feel |
15:13 | any different and you've got a great career and you're surrounded by family and friends is there a date when you |
15:22 | want to die is it a point in life where you just get bored I've seen every movie I've done |
15:29 | everything I wanted to do my bucket list is full I want to die bang is there a |
15:35 | date it sounds like yes that's fair that's totally fine that's that some people so |
15:40 | what about immortality under these conditions of Continuing nope would you now that's a good |
16:03 | question yeah Yeah right do we only |
16:15 | enjoy life and have agency because we know that there's an expiry date very |
16:21 | Protestant of you yeah |
16:27 | no it's it's a fair point but it we don't know what it's like to live without fear of death |
16:55 | that's right but I what I've discovered in my lab which most people don't know unless they've read the book is we found |
17:02 | that there's a backup hard drive of youth in ourselves in our body that we can tap into and reset the system and |
17:09 | we've reached we've reset at once we maybe can reset it a hundred times maybe |
17:18 | let's talk about that let's talk about that we've only done it in mice but we can reset a mouse pretty quickly and |
17:23 | pretty easily and send their age way back I'll show you how that works |
17:32 | exactly so I just got off a plane yesterday from was a bodega Marine Labs |
17:40 | I think I'm messing up the name but it is north of LA and I was there |
17:46 | collecting jellyfish because we're studying jellyfish in the lab because I |
17:51 | think just like you've proposed that the secret of reversing aging continually |
17:59 | was solved by jellyfish it was solved by a lot of life-forms trees do it they can |
18:05 | spawn new offspring our bodies have forgotten how to do that but what you'll |
18:10 | you'll read about hopefully you'll get into the book is that we figured out that there are three genes in the body |
18:16 | that if you turn them on again because they could get switched off when we're young we turn them on again in an old |
18:22 | animal and probably ourselves I would guess we get to experience what it's |
18:28 | like to be a jellyfish let me show you |
18:38 | the mouse because the mouse doesn't have to be in water and I promise |
18:44 | to tell you the clicker is not working but let's plug it in and see if it works |
18:55 | all right this is the only graph I'm going to show you all right but it's a |
Life Expectancy Graph
19:01 | really cool graph it's a graph of the longest-lived countries in the world |
19:08 | versus the 19th and 20th century yes see |
19:14 | if we can get that to work so this is 1840 so the life expectancy average life |
19:20 | expectancy in the best country in the world right which is light blue which is |
19:26 | probably your heroes Sweden cool I'm |
19:37 | jinxed there we go we'll get there all right so in 1840 the best you could |
19:44 | do was in Sweden and you're at 45 years 1840 cholera you could die from a |
19:52 | splinter horrible right into the kind of the modern times 1940 right it's still |
19:58 | pretty pathetic average life expectancy the best you could do in the world was |
20:04 | about 70 years and this is when we expected to retire at 65 and live |
20:11 | another five years and drop off that's not the world we live in and it's certainly not going to be the world we |
20:16 | live in when we're older and when when we're in our late late retirement but I |
20:26 | want to point out two things one is that this is this is very linear right that |
20:31 | even though we've had advances in vaccines and and antibiotics and all of |
20:39 | the wonderful medicine it's it's almost unbelievable how linear this is and the |
20:46 | second thing I want to point out in this slide is that what these little things are you can't read them but these are |
20:52 | estimates of the maximum human average lifespan so for instance this study here |
21:00 | in 1921 said that that's where we're gonna stop that that'll be the plateau |
21:06 | and people won't live longer than that and every time these studies have come |
21:11 | out saying we've reached our maximum they've been wrong so that's the good |
21:17 | news and we keep breaking it and you can see the predictions that everyone says we're gonna slow down no it's true in |
21:23 | the u.s. that we're we're not going up dramatically currently but that's not |
21:28 | because of educated people with access to health care it's because there are |
21:35 | you know that it's offset by people who are addicted to opioids and other issues |
21:41 | not to mention obesity being an epidemic but that's not most of most of the |
21:49 | people in this town really and I do get to in in the book I talk about how |
21:54 | there's a disparity especially in the u.s. between those who know what to do |
22:00 | to be healthy and live longer and those who are trapped in a cycle of where their lifespans are you know basically |
22:07 | down here and that's why the u.s. lifespan is what it is but that's the |
22:12 | average and not everybody is average most people are not average yeah well it |
22:36 | could but we're not we're no longer at the whim of evolution we innovate okay |
22:44 | what about this room is natural give me one thing the wood there's a plant cool |
22:54 | alright so yeah we probably have a natural maximum yeah yeah there's |
23:02 | nothing natural seriously I was a once on a plane with a guy who was flying |
23:08 | with me to Tokyo and I told him that we're working on aging and trying to make people live |
23:15 | healthier for longer he goes I don't know that doesn't sound natural are you |
23:20 | kidding me we're drinking gin and tonics we're texting our partners we're watching movies 10,000 feet above the |
23:26 | ground don't give me what's natural so the point is that we can we can engineer |
23:32 | our way out of things and we're already way beyond our natural lifespan all right the minute we killed off all the |
23:39 | wild animals in this town that's a good start |
24:04 | yeah so my understanding of this graph is that this is life expectancy not average lifespans so that it discounts |
24:12 | early childhood death but it's a good point which is that initially most of |
24:18 | the gains in average lifespan were at the lower end of life and we've |
24:25 | basically most of us can expect to live if we're lucky enough to get through our 40s 50s and 60s so we're coming up |
24:33 | against the limit which is aging okay so that you know we can we can study |
24:39 | childhood diseases a lot and I think that's worthy but most of us now get to |
24:46 | be old and that's what the problem is the biggest problem on the planet so right now as of last year there are more |
24:51 | people on earth who are over 65 than under the age of five and that's the |
24:57 | first time ever in human history and it's only going to continue to widen so our problem as a species is what are we |
25:04 | going to do with all the people who are frail and cannot work and have to go to |
25:10 | a nursing home that's a lot of money we already spend in the u.s. seventeen percent of our GDP taking care mostly of |
25:17 | the sick and the elderly and it's only going to get worse unless we do something about it so we really have two |
25:22 | futures one is let's just forget about aging and we'll just deal with a lot of sick people who |
25:29 | spend more and more of their % of their lives being looked after or we can say |
25:34 | this is a problem let's figure it out and let's fix it which is what we've done for everything that's why we we |
25:41 | wear clothes and we were indoors in a heated building so yeah so hopefully I've convinced you at least you've seen |
25:48 | my argument that it's natural therefore acceptable that argument should be |
25:54 | thrown out the window we've never as a species accepted things that have caused us pain or difficulty just because |
26:02 | they're natural I'm also gonna tell you |
No One Solution to Aging
26:08 | that there's no one solution to aging you might read about it it's not true |
26:14 | I'm one of the world's leading scientists in the study of longevity we |
26:19 | don't call it anti-aging because that's that's a bad word because a lot of |
26:25 | people out there saying I've got your anti-aging treatment what we're trying |
26:31 | to figure out is other genes that control the aging process and other things we could do to turn them on in |
26:37 | our daily lives and eventually with medicines and they're actually some medicines some things that I take right |
26:42 | now which when you go home you can skip to page 304 and read all about that's |
26:48 | the cheat sheet but those things we've learned through really hardcore world |
26:54 | leading science so you may not know that that there have been at least one you |
26:59 | could argue two Nobel prizes awarded for aging research already one was the tell'em the telomeres you know about |
27:06 | telomeres the ends of chromosomes how those get extended and the other one is about protein misfolding called motofuji |
27:13 | the clearance of these bad proteins those two things led to a Nobel Prize and I'm sure there's going to be more |
27:18 | Nobel Prizes awarded for other aspects of Aging |
Antiaging
27:26 | all right so this is the anti-aging if you go online you will be completely |
27:33 | depressed and why do I say that because you don't know what to believe people are saying take this pill take |
27:39 | that pill this pill works David Sinclair says so it's all wrong I don't say any |
27:47 | product works but you know that this is the world we live in we have a world of |
27:53 | pharmaceuticals which are essentially proven to work and a world of supplements which are not proven to work |
28:00 | but there's some some academics like me that it may be treated in a mouse so it looks looks kind of interesting and |
28:07 | what's difficult about the world that I'm in is that I'm trying to do the hardcore research and make medicines but |
28:15 | every day understandably I'm asked by people well that's great about medicines |
28:21 | but I'm getting old right now what can I do now and so I I've written the book which |
28:27 | covers both angles what are the medicines that are in the pipeline what are the medicines you could get prescribed right now that would slow |
28:34 | aging we think but also what can you do in your daily lives that you don't need |
28:39 | a doctor to do I want to bring up antioxidants so you know I hope I don't get sued for |
28:46 | saying this but antioxidants have been extremely disappointing in the aging field longevity not anti-aging film why |
28:54 | is that because there's a lot of things going wrong in the body besides free radical damage it was a |
29:00 | good story it made some sense and all fables are built on things that make |
29:05 | sense but doesn't mean they're true an antioxidant so actually have been a |
29:11 | Lodge failure in the aging field and we haven't had a lot of success treating |
29:16 | animals with antioxidants and making them live healthier or longer and even |
29:22 | antioxidants are healthy for you yeah all right |
29:31 | all right so we've we figured out that the molecules that some companies are |
29:38 | named say are fantastic for you are actually working through a different |
29:44 | mechanism which I'll tell you about right oh I definitely believe in in the |
29:52 | plant molecules and that's a whole story but I'll get to it and if I don't ask me |
29:58 | at the end yep but antioxidants unfortunately not a cure to aging right oh we're all be |
30:05 | living 250 at this point orally some of us who are eating a lot of blueberries and drinking pom wonderful every day you |
30:14 | know I'm not saying that bad for you but I'm reminding you that that we we know a lot more but people don't know about it |
30:21 | yet yeah I'll leave it there but I'll come back so this is what scientists |
30:28 | scientists believe are the main causes of Aging |
30:33 | these are called the hallmarks of Aging and there are eight or nine depending on |
30:39 | which continent you come from and some of these you've probably heard of right they make it into the public's |
30:48 | perception of what we work on there is well let's see cellular senescence how |
30:55 | many of you have heard of senescence before a few yeah so what this is is that cells will become old and and lose |
31:04 | their identity and they'll check out and they'll just sit there and that that would be not so bad if it wasn't for the |
31:11 | fact that these senescence cells or sometimes we call them as the zombie cells they start putting out all these |
31:17 | other signals in the cell or outside of the cell that make other cells sick so |
31:23 | there even though if you don't have a lot of senescence cells in your body even if it's only a few percent they |
31:29 | will basically cause the rest of your body to become inflamed and aged as well |
31:34 | and we know that mostly from Mouse experiments where you put a few senescence cells a little dab of |
31:39 | senescence cells in the animal and the whole animal gets all so they're horrible so we don't want |
31:45 | Samba cells we don't want to rather run out of stem cells DNA damage genome |
31:52 | instability so that's picture of DNA we've known about for many years telomeres the ends of chromosomes gets |
31:58 | shorter and you know it goes on and on and on but here's the point this was 10 |
32:04 | years ago and the field of aging research we felt pretty good about ourselves we said yeah we figured this |
32:11 | out put a flag in the ground we've done this we figured out what causes aging and everyone with very few exception has |
32:19 | started it or don't focus their lab on this one or there you know there's a purple lab and there's a green lab and |
32:25 | there's a red lab but I've always believed that you can simplify everything I'm a reductionist and I |
32:33 | think eventually we can reduce aging down to a single equation and I can even write it out for you if I had a |
32:39 | whiteboard and I'll tell you what that is aging is essentially what's driving |
32:46 | all of these things is a loss of information okay we live in an |
Loss of Information
32:55 | Information Age we know what happens when you lose information we used to |
33:00 | lose emails we don't anymore and I'll explain why but information is key |
33:06 | and when we're born we have all this great information that we got from our parents and what we what we ate what we |
33:14 | absorbed in the womb and how our mother was eating and feeling that's information and what we've discovered in |
33:22 | my lab is that over time what's happening to cause all of those things on that pie chart is just one major |
33:30 | thing and that's the loss of information in the cell okay so what kind of |
33:36 | information I'm glad you asked I'll tell you there are two types of information |
Two Types of Information
33:41 | in biology the one you all know about is DNA genetic information it's a great way |
33:49 | to store information in fact you can get information out of a fossil I can go to |
33:54 | a mummy and see that mummies do that's a very robust way to store information it's way better than a |
34:00 | compact disk or hard drive they wouldn't last thousands of years were they so DNA |
34:07 | is a great storage information and the reason it's particularly impressive in |
34:13 | terms of the biological system is that it's one of the few things in our body |
34:18 | that's digital and we all know digital is better the reason we converted from |
34:23 | analog in the first place we don't use cassette tapes anymore for a good reason because analog information |
34:29 | sucks anyone who's had you know is old enough to have cassette tapes or record |
34:35 | player records knows that you can lose information pretty easily if it's stored in analog but DNA is digital a TCG |
34:43 | that's a that's a digital code it's not binary it's core ternary so what is it |
34:48 | about the body's information that gets lost over time turns out we used to |
34:54 | think it was the digital information that we lost right how many of you I'm |
34:59 | sure all of you have heard I won't even ask you we've all heard that mutations drive aging |
35:04 | we're losing genetic information as we get older the problem with that is that |
35:09 | you can delete a lot of genetic information in animals and they don't |
35:15 | age it's also true that very little very few mutations can be found in our our |
35:21 | old bodies the smoking gun just isn't there and what happened to the field a |
35:27 | few years ago was we had no clue what was driving aging at the fundamental |
35:33 | level because the old idea of free radical damage and mutations was out the |
35:40 | window there's nothing to replace it with and so what I've proposed in the |
35:45 | book and in some recent publications that and some of that are just about to come out as a radical new theory that |
35:53 | the other type of information is what we lose over time it's the analog information in the body |
35:59 | and that's not very stable at all so what's the analog information |
36:05 | it's this green stuff this is the DNA the digital and the packaging of the |
36:11 | genome is the analog form of information but we need analog information because |
36:17 | the analog system tells the cell which genes to read and without knowing which |
36:23 | genes to read a cell is basically a tumor at best or dead we need to have |
36:29 | these structures that say read this gene but bundle up all these others who don't |
36:36 | read those genes if all cell's read every gene a nerve cell wouldn't be a |
36:42 | nerve cell and a skin cell wouldn't be a skin cell you need to be able to tell it only read those 10% of genes and turn |
36:50 | off those others and what we found during aging is that these structures that control how the DNA is packaged the |
36:58 | analog information which we call the epi genetic information or epigenome is what |
37:04 | gets screwed up with time does that make sense it certainly made a lot of sense |
37:10 | to the people in my lab but just making sense as I warned you isn't proof of |
37:17 | anything right most things that make sense are wrong you know like I won't |
37:24 | get into religion but there's a lot of things that we believe that probably are not not true so what what do you do to |
37:31 | test this hypothesis okay what do you do you have to say well if I disrupt the |
37:38 | analog information if I accelerate that process what should happen well we |
37:44 | should get aging we should accelerate that process the converse should be true if I can regain the epigenome the at the |
37:53 | analog information we should get younger and that's what we've been doing for 10 years in my lab but most of the world |
38:00 | doesn't know about it yet because we haven't published it but it will come out next year so you get a sneak preview and it was also fortunate I was writing |
38:07 | a book while we made these discoveries so I said screw it it's gone in the book so for the first time probably since a |
38:15 | long time a scientists biggest discovery is in a in a book that you can read about before |
38:20 | scientists have actually had a chance to have it published all right so there's |
38:26 | that another analogy that I think is |
Compact Disc Analogy
38:31 | appropriate here is a compact disc now when I teach high school students I have |
38:38 | to tell them what a compact disc is we used to put music and and movies on |
38:43 | these things but it's a it's the best analogy I can give you so our genome is |
38:49 | that is the music that's encoded in these ones and zeros as we get older we're getting scratched up so that the |
38:56 | music becomes it's skipping and the cell by this analogy is not reading the right |
39:01 | songs at the right time and this if this were a cell this cell would not be |
39:07 | behaving well it would be losing its identity if it was a nerve cell it might be thinking that it's my like a skin |
39:14 | cell liver cell isn't behaving the cardiovascular system is forgetting to |
39:20 | how to how to be a cardiovascular system and that's why we get sick as we get |
39:25 | older I I believe and all of these symptoms of aging and these diseases |
39:31 | that we we try to treat but too late I think it because our cells have lost |
39:36 | their ability to read the genes at the right time in the right place and that we essentially had really good evidence |
39:43 | for for the last seven years in my lab and I'll show you that data but what if |
39:51 | we could remove those scratches would that be amazing what if the cell could |
39:56 | now go back and read the right genes and we didn't know that that was possible until recently but turns out as I said |
40:02 | there's a backup of these of this original state so we can polish all |
Longevity Enzymes
40:13 | right I have a movie to show you so one |
40:19 | of the things that happens on the chromosome that disrupts the cells identity and the ability to read the |
40:25 | genes is a broken chromosome okay wherever you |
40:31 | see that flash the chromosome is being broken and when you break a chromosome a |
40:38 | cell gets really nervous because it it's actually the worst thing you can do to a |
40:43 | cell because if a cell doesn't repair a chromosome it'll it'll die or it'll become a tumor you got to fix it no |
40:50 | question you cannot live with broken chromosomes so what I showed you in that video those balls are proteins in the |
40:58 | cell that we've discovered when I was over at MIT and now and more recently in my lab these proteins are what we call |
41:07 | longevity enzymes they're encoded by longevity genes and when we turn them on |
41:14 | the animals very healthy they're great we have mice that live longer and we think in our bodies they keep us young |
41:20 | but they unfortunately they have two functions the first function is really |
41:27 | important it's to maintain the structure of of the the epigenome to keep us young |
41:34 | so that's great when when we're young these proteins are in the right place |
41:40 | they're sitting on the right genes and so the genes that should be on Iran and the genes that should be offer off but |
41:48 | as I showed you in this video their other role is that they get distracted by broken DNA if you go out |
41:55 | in the Sun and you get sunburned you broke a lot of DNA unfortunately so these proteins are |
42:01 | moving from where they should be in a panic to try and repair the DNA there's |
42:07 | a reason for that I think that it's that they're moving because they're they're telling the cell there's an emergency |
42:13 | you got to fight you got to survive but if you keep doing that as I showed so this is an acceleration of of what I |
42:20 | think happens during aging let's have a look again these proteins are perfect perfectly aligned then they get |
42:27 | distracted by the break they go back to where they came from they go to the break they go back to where they came |
42:33 | from they go to the break whoops didn't go back whoops didn't go |
42:39 | back so this is aging I believe and we can test this we can create this in the |
42:45 | lab in an animal and ask what happens and we've done that that's taken us ten |
42:50 | years I'll tell you a little bit about these guys on the video lose what I said |
43:22 | so these genes are called sirtuins that we've worked on and it's pretty |
43:28 | interesting when you think about why they're called sirtuins and you probably don't know the first |
43:35 | three letters of sirtuin is si R and that stands for silent which means turn |
43:44 | the jeans off silence them information regulator okay so it in the name of |
43:50 | these genes has been the answer all along I believe information regulation is the |
43:56 | key to longevity but breaking DNA is one of the things they accelerates aging because it distracts them and eventually |
44:04 | like opening andrey gifting a present a thousand times it's going to be pretty ugly by that point but the question that |
44:11 | I've been asking myself in the lab for the last few years is is there a |
44:17 | treatment you can give to a cell or an old animal or eventually an old person |
44:23 | that can go from there back to frame one and get them to go back to where they |
44:28 | came from so the cell reads the right genes to be a neuron a young healthy neuron or a young skin cell and I think |
44:37 | we found that so here's the experiment in the lab where we scratched the DVD |
Mouse Experiment
44:43 | scratched the CD this is a control mouse that's at this point it would be 16 |
44:49 | months old and we took one of its brothers or sisters and we scratches DVD what we |
44:57 | actually did was we cut the chromosome in a few places distracted the proteins and they ended up getting older okay and |
45:05 | you might say well that looks like a sick Mouse but David how how do you know it's old well it certainly looks old |
45:13 | it's got grey hair it's got wrinkled skin that has lost its hair hair loss mice lose their hair when |
45:21 | they get older but that's not proof of anything you know anybody can create a mouse looking like this you know maybe |
45:28 | if you microwave a mouse they look like that I don't know don't do that at home I'm joking |
45:33 | so what we did was we we studied these mice for years to find out how much do they look like real aging and they look |
45:40 | like real aging we've sent mice to hundreds of researchers around the world |
45:46 | two experts on the kidney on the skin on the bone on the eye sight on the hearing |
45:51 | and they look at the tissues and they say yeah that's old and I have to say |
45:57 | they're not old we've given them aging but there's really been a breakthrough |
46:02 | in the last few years in our ability to really know if that Mouse is older or not not just by looking at it but by |
46:08 | measuring its age and we no longer in my field count age buy candles we can |
46:16 | actually count the age biologically because there's a clock that ticks over in mice in whales in bats and in our own |
46:24 | body which we can measure in fact if I took your blood back to my lab within a |
46:30 | few days and you know a fair bit of money I could tell you exactly how old you are biologically and predict within |
46:37 | a matter of months when you're going to die using this clock but don't freak out |
46:43 | because we can we can change the trajectory we can slow it down so here's |
DNA Methylation Clock
46:48 | the clock this is the DNA right there's the the a C T C so C chemicals in DNA |
46:57 | the cytosines they get modified by a chemical called a methyl and a methyl is |
47:02 | just carbon hi in hydrogen Argent's nothing spectacular but it's like a it's like crust on well |
47:10 | I think it's probably better analogy would be the plaque on your teeth it's accumulating and it does so with very |
47:16 | predictable way over time in our lifetime so I can measure your methylation pattern with a DNA sequencer |
47:24 | for a few hundred bucks and I could say you're older or younger for your age by |
47:30 | this much and we know that if you smoke if you don't exercise if you eat the |
47:35 | wrong things you will be older than the average human and vice versa right so |
47:41 | this is a new world and so we could do with these mice because we could measure their actual biological age and what you |
47:47 | can see from this okay I lied I have another graph but it's not a very complicated one obviously that the one |
47:53 | that looks old is older based on this objective measure it's called the DNA |
48:01 | methylation clock it's also sometimes called the horvath clock named after my |
48:06 | friend and colleague Steven Horvath who actually helped us with this study now I'm gonna tell you something up you're a |
48:14 | smart bunch so if you tell you something really interesting but a little bit technical so stick with me there are |
48:20 | enzymes that remove the plaque off your |
48:25 | DNA called tetes and they're very important when we're young that they're what allows a nerve cell to become a |
48:32 | nerve cell and the skin cells of the skin so and I think a jellyfish to |
48:37 | regenerate ok these are on when we're young but they you don't want these genes on when you're old it's not a good |
48:46 | thing if they're deregulated but it is possible to remove these and so I'll get |
48:53 | back to that because it's I think it's part of the understanding of how we can remove those scratches on the CD and |
48:59 | reverse aging so here's where things get really interesting can we take that |
49:06 | older Mouse and make it young again if we're right about this we should be able |
49:12 | to remove those methyl DNA plaques and it might actually not just make them |
49:19 | else appear younger in the lab when you read it but maybe it would actually |
49:25 | behave like it was young that was the idea so how do you do that how do you get the clock to go backwards well I'll |
Why the Nervous System
49:34 | tell you that but first of all I wanted to tell you about why we chose the nervous system to regenerate to reverse |
49:42 | aging in because we could have chosen the skin could have chosen the liver to reverse aging but nerve cells become old very quickly |
49:50 | as soon as we're you know 3 years old if we damage our eye or we break our back |
49:56 | our spine we're not gonna walk again well they're not going to see again we know that right it's because nerve cells |
50:02 | become old very quickly and they don't act like they were when we were embryos |
50:08 | and so this shows an embryonic nerve |
50:13 | growing in the dish that's great but as well as we turn into adults if you put |
50:20 | one of our nerves in a dish it'll just sit there it'll try its best to try and grow but it really won't grow very well |
50:27 | so we thought what if you could take adult nerve cells damage them or even |
50:34 | just old nerve cells in the eye and turn their age back to when they were young |
50:39 | would they grow and function like they were young again so how did we decide to |
50:45 | do that well there was a nobel prize awarded to Shinya Yamanaka from japan |
50:50 | for the discovery that there are a set of four genes called the Yamanaka factors that can take an adult cell and |
50:59 | turn it into a stem cell so quite simply any high school student could take one |
51:05 | of your skin cells in your mouth take it back to my lab or even to the high school lab put in these four genes from |
51:12 | Yamanaka which we call OS k and M for short and those cells many of them would |
51:19 | become stem cells not just normal stem cells but pluripotent stem cells meaning they could become any type you want we |
51:26 | could regrow we could grow a little mini rain in the dish you can now do that it's pretty freaky we'll grow your own |
51:32 | mini brain in the dish I don't think they conscious thank goodness but we |
51:38 | could build any tissue and that that was well work well worthy of a Nobel Prize right so we wondered could we use some |
51:45 | aspect of this discovery to reverse aging so we don't want to take them all |
51:51 | the way back to being an embryo Oh to a stem-cell you know if we did that we'd |
51:56 | all end up with the world's biggest tumors in our bodies we wanted to know if we could do partial reversal and just |
52:03 | take off the right methyls pick off just the right plaque on the teeth without taking all your teeth off which is what |
52:09 | Yamanaka did so we didn't know if it would work we had some clue because |
52:14 | there's a scientist at the Salk Institute that a couple of years ago showed that if you turn on all four of |
52:20 | these genes in a mouse it lives forty percent longer but that but that sounds |
52:27 | great until I tell you that every three days if they didn't stop the treatment |
52:33 | the mice would die so that I think he may get the Nobel Prize with his |
52:38 | discovery but it wasn't perfect because those poor mice were hit with these factors and they would almost die |
52:45 | and then they'd let them recover for another five days and they'd hit them again this is not going to be a medicine |
52:51 | any time soon but it sure is an interesting proof of principle that you can turn on these things and make an |
52:57 | animal live longer now it was a short lived Mouse so we still have to show that this happens in a regular Mouse but |
53:04 | I'll show you what happens in regular mice when you when you put these factors in right so what I'm showing you for the |
Discovery of a Lifetime
53:12 | first time is what it was like to make a discovery of a lifetime this was the |
53:18 | discovery of my lifetime these are conversations with my student Ryan who |
53:23 | made this discovery he put the Yamanaka factors not all four of them |
53:28 | he found that three were safe and effective the you know the one at the end to M Mik he left that off because |
53:35 | that causes cancer that's known to be a problem but osk put into the back of the |
53:41 | eye regenerated the the optic nerve in these mice and so what you're seeing are |
53:47 | pictures for the first time that he was sending me of regenerating optic nerves in mice so we had damaged the back of |
53:55 | the eye and here we have it the regrowth of something that should has no business |
54:00 | we growing in an adult mouse but it's it was you know one of those things where you know we're kind of celebrating that |
54:08 | we've we've made a big discovery and I mention it also because when you read |
54:14 | the book you'll get a sense of what it was like to experience such a discovery so this is it this is a regular optic |
54:25 | nerve that's been damaged it's been pinched and the nerves have died off |
54:32 | towards the brain so the brain is out that way and the eye is over here and this mouse has lost a lot of its notes |
54:39 | and it's never gonna see again but in this mouse in the in the mouse will show |
54:44 | you down here we've reprogrammed its eye to be young again we've put those three |
54:49 | Yamanaka factors in turn them on with just an antibiotic called doxycycline now it doesn't have to be an antibiotic |
54:56 | sometimes people say what's so good about the antibiotic we've just engineered the system so that the antibiotic is the switch so that we |
55:04 | can turn it on and off it's an easy way you just give the mice an injection of antibiotic or put it in their water |
55:09 | supply so if we ever have a drug like this it may be that we get treated with the the virus which is the delivery |
55:16 | vehicle and then we take an antibiotic to turn it on and off at will so we get reset multiple times anyway |
55:23 | look let me show you this but this was the result that most of the nerves here |
55:29 | at survived the problem and they started to grow towards the brain we don't know how they know where the brain is they're not |
55:36 | growing up that way they're growing towards the brain that's a mystery but then we did a really cool experiment which was if it can make these damaged |
55:44 | neurons survive what about if we give it to just regular healthy but old mice |
55:51 | what happens to their vision and I don't know about you but you know I'm now in my 50s now starting to become like old mice we lose |
55:58 | our ability to see so here's an experiment and I need to give credit to |
Old Mice
56:05 | the lab of Bruce and Meredith Cassandra they are at a Massiah near here in |
56:11 | Boston and what they do is they ignore ignore the feces this is irrelevant to |
56:16 | the experiment I think if if we were handled by giant things we'd be pretty |
56:22 | upset too but anyway what they're doing is so he's standing on the platform and this mouse is a year old so those mice |
56:30 | actually have become blind and you we know this because when these these lines |
56:35 | move they don't watch the lines it's called the Optimo door response so I've |
56:40 | had played us for you you'll see that it's not moving its head it's really not |
56:47 | not looking anywhere and we can videotape this for from you know half an |
56:52 | hour it's not gonna see the lines but you know if we see moving lines we're |
56:57 | gonna move our head that's just the natural response so we took myself the |
57:03 | same age we gave them a virus that carried the three genes into the eye and |
57:08 | that virus infected the nerves at the back of the eye in the retina and they |
57:13 | sat there until we gave them the anti bio antibiotic doxycycline to turn on those genes three weeks later after |
57:22 | reprogramming their eyes and making them young again and by the way we've measured the age of the eye they do get |
57:28 | younger based on the clock the question was does it work or does the clock change but that's just |
57:35 | like a clock on the wall you don't really go back in time if you move the hands or if you move the hands because |
57:41 | time really go backwards so this was a really good experiment and it was a |
57:47 | really good day for Bruce so what Bruce called me about and we get |
57:57 | this started so it was 10:00 p.m. at night it was about a year ago and he |
58:02 | calls me and he says I'm sorry it's late but I have to tell you we just had a |
58:07 | really amazing result and this was the video that he sent me |
Vision Restoration
58:16 | for the first time in history we've got mice that have been cured of blindness |
58:24 | that's a mouse they can see and we've done this on dozens of mice this isn't just a fluke every Mouse that gives our treatment |
58:30 | gets their vision back and we can measure the the neuronal activity at the |
58:35 | back of the eye and we can see that those nerves before the treatment have no electrical activity but after |
58:42 | reprogramming them we get the blips back they work again and we can read the |
58:47 | pattern of genes which are switched on and off and genes that went off during aging come back on with treatment and |
58:53 | genes that went on by accident the scratches come back to normal so we're truly resetting the epigenome |
59:01 | so that cells can be young again and mice that shouldn't be seeing you |
59:07 | can see again and we've done this also in glaucoma most people have somebody they know friends or family with glaucoma pressure |
59:14 | in the eye damaging the retina we've tested mice with that disease and we can |
59:19 | restore their vision as well so our first drug if all goes well will be a |
59:24 | drug to treat and restore vision in glaucoma patients all right I'm now |
59:31 | going to switch to more of a practical thing because we're not likely to be |
59:37 | treated with a virus anytime soon it might happen in our lifetimes let's hope we're working on pills as well that can |
59:44 | reset cells so it'll be easier than gene therapy but I'm going to talk about some |
59:49 | take-home messages for all all of you because I'm asked this every day hundreds of emails what can I do now all |
59:57 | right don't show me my show me what I can do and these this is a cheat sheet there's more of it in the book page 304 |
1:00:05 | and I'm gonna go into each of these in detail in a second but the summary is |
1:00:10 | our three meals a day that's that's craziness I really don't think we were |
1:00:16 | we've evolved III three full meals a day certainly not when we're over the age of say 30 so I've started to |
1:00:23 | I've always skipped breakfast I'm sorry to skip lunch when I can and I'm not too stressed so that that sounds pretty |
1:00:30 | brutal right but if you drink coffee tea is fine you can actually be hungry and |
1:00:36 | it's it's not so bad lose your breath you want to yeah I do I |
1:00:48 | do I'll tell you why I'll come back to it yep yep so lose your breath you want to |
1:00:54 | get on a treadmill or walk up some stairs just move get a standing desk our |
1:01:02 | lifestyles today are just atrocious for particularly this region right where |
1:01:09 | atrophying around here I know you're thinking now our muscles our muscles are |
1:01:17 | atrophied most human beings these days in Western in the Western world in that developed well we we have we end up |
1:01:23 | cramping up here our muscles are pathetic it's it's amazing we can even stand upright after sitting for so long |
1:01:29 | so there are exercises that that that I do that I'll highly recommend because |
1:01:34 | every 19 minutes someone in America will fall over and die from it and mostly the |
1:01:41 | elderly of course but if you've got the strength in your hips and a flexibility you're less likely to die from a fall |
1:01:51 | and so the the kind of exercise I I do are I focus on our hip hinge exerciser |
1:01:56 | I'll talk about that a second I think we need feedback because everyone gives up |
1:02:02 | on diets if they don't see it working or they don't know if it's working same with supplements same with sleep so what |
1:02:09 | I'm recommending from what I do with my life is that I I look for feedback you can't change what you don't measure |
1:02:16 | basically and so for over 12 years now I've been measuring various aspects of |
1:02:22 | my life it used to be crazy to measure yourself with blood tests and and other things |
1:02:29 | you know people would say David you're too worried about stuff but actually we now live in a world where it's very easy |
1:02:35 | to monitor things for a few hundred bucks you can get one of these anyone has an aura ring on them |
1:02:43 | they're great I do recommend these I don't only need this company so I can |
1:02:48 | tell you they're great this will measure your heart rate your temperature your movement and be a very good feedback |
1:02:56 | about how you sleeping so if you're wondering why do I feel terrible in the |
1:03:01 | morning this will tell you exactly what happened and for instance you can look |
1:03:08 | at your heart rate and on a bad note my heart rate will stay high and then drop |
1:03:13 | down about 5:00 a.m. and that's if I drink more than a glass of alcohol and I |
1:03:18 | have a heavy meal with a steak so I've learnt to try to avoid those things if I |
1:03:23 | want to have a decent day the next day but if you don't measure it you don't get the feedback the other thing that I |
1:03:31 | do is I have a patch under here okay it's becoming more and more common for non diabetics to to measure their blood |
1:03:40 | sugar levels so blood sugar is a very good predictor of your longevity the higher the worse it is of course you can |
1:03:47 | become diabetic but even without being diabetic it's still bad so for the last couple of months I've stuck a patch on |
1:03:54 | here there's a tiny little needle it doesn't know it you stick it on there and so on my phone I can scan it and I |
1:04:01 | can tell you what my blood sugar is I wasn't going to do this but let's try so |
1:04:08 | it's called the Libra link and let's try |
1:04:13 | so it says ready to scan anyone have has seen one of these before okay so I stick |
1:04:19 | this here and that's my blood sugar so |
1:04:25 | I'm it's in the Green Zone I'm happy you can see that lunch caused can you see |
1:04:30 | the grass lunch caused a big spike the food that I ate earlier good to go it |
1:04:43 | says it's as good as a glucose monitor so it's it most diabetics are moving |
1:04:48 | away from a finger prick now to just putting one of these on oh yeah |
1:05:00 | yeah it's been in Europe for many many years in the u.s. about two years but I |
1:05:07 | do it also because I want to be a role model I want to be on the forefront of this stuff but I've learned a lot of |
1:05:13 | things that I didn't realize and I've also become much more aware of what I stick in my mouth you know like most of |
1:05:21 | us I would just shove stuff in my mouth and forget about it right this was a trash can but if you see it on your |
1:05:27 | phone you know then you're thinking about what's going in and that that |
1:05:32 | alone is fantastic makes you much more cognizant about what you eat and as I |
1:05:38 | mentioned what you what you do for sleep so measure it yeah I never take it out |
1:05:44 | it's stuck there in showers in saunas in swimming yeah it doesn't come off unless |
1:05:51 | you rip it off it's stuck there that's great for two weeks well you can get one |
1:05:59 | from every pharmacy it's just that you need a doctor to write your prescription so if you this one isn't in the book |
1:06:08 | because it's I've only been doing it for a little while but libro link there are a couple of brands Libre link yeah yeah |
1:06:18 | I mean email me if if you want ah so I honestly I don't have any |
1:06:30 | expectations but I do know that people |
1:06:36 | who follow these type of recommendations live an average of 14 years longer than |
1:06:42 | those who don't all right hormesis did I get through all |
1:06:49 | of those points oh we got through sleep and this is BP content |
1:06:55 | I think being meditative is good my rule |
1:07:01 | in life is don't lie because it's just too stressful you got to live life being happy with who you are so I think that's the those are |
1:07:09 | the things hormesis is what doesn't kill you makes you stronger unfortunately we |
1:07:14 | do have to push our bodies or they become complacent and what we've learned through my labs research and others is |
1:07:20 | that these longevity genes these sirtuins they're only activated hyper activated when your body thinks that |
1:07:28 | it's going to die it doesn't mean you have to go to the brink of death but you do need to get out of the chair you do |
1:07:34 | need to be hungry you do need to sometimes have fewer approached amounts of protein because |
1:07:40 | that's what's which is on these defensive genes and it's worse if you |
1:07:45 | become obese and it's worse as you get older their activity goes down and down and down until basically you're at the |
1:07:52 | whim of entropy second law of thermodynamics you're toast but we can turn on our body's natural |
1:07:59 | defenses and the way to do that is is basically give yourself a little bit of |
1:08:04 | adversity that may feel uncomfortable sure being out of breath is not great |
1:08:09 | being cold and in a sauna not that comfortable but what it does is it |
1:08:15 | triggers these defensive responses if you go too much of course that you freeze or you burn or you starve you're |
1:08:23 | not going to live longer but a little bit goes a long way and we know this from many studies even plants respond to |
1:08:30 | hormesis you spray herbicide on a plant a little bit and it will grow better because it turns on these defenses and |
1:08:38 | we didn't know these defenses existed until just about 20 years ago so I'll |
1:08:44 | get to the antioxidants because that's an important point |
1:08:52 | [Music] |
1:09:00 | well calorie restriction which is the the old full term for friends meant and |
1:09:07 | fasting is known to actually speed up metabolism it's act it actually what happens is |
1:09:13 | your body goes into this defensive state when it's really hungry for prolonged periods of hunger maybe |
1:09:19 | not missing a snack but for a day or two what happens is the body starts to burn |
1:09:26 | energy so it'll deplete the fat and it'll rev up your mitochondria so |
1:09:32 | mitochondria the battery packs the power packs of the cell animals that are hungry have more of those than less |
1:09:40 | so actually you burn more when you're hungry it's it's interesting we always thought |
1:09:46 | you became tired and lethargic it's not true and what we think is going on is that the body thinks that it's under |
1:09:53 | threat and it gives you more energy to survive so that's repair your body have |
1:09:59 | more energy to go find food run away from a saber-toothed tiger that might be attacking you but unfortunately modern |
1:10:06 | life all of the the companies whose job is to to make us feel better |
1:10:12 | have done a great job of making us feel better we feel great at the expense of |
1:10:18 | our longevity no there isn't |
1:10:27 | unfortunately you've got to feel it yeah well this will tell you that you're |
1:10:33 | hungry but you don't need that to tell you that no unfortunately there isn't |
1:10:40 | that would be amazing that we should work on there might be a patch that |
1:10:45 | senses things in the blood that can see when things are perfect because it right to get this right we don't know the |
1:10:52 | perfectness the things I told you are my best estimate based on the science and |
1:10:58 | personal experience and epidemiological but the question is if you exercise a |
1:11:04 | lot do you then take the supplement or should you be hungry on the days you |
1:11:09 | don't exercise we don't know the combinations yet so we have to figure that out yeah yeah it's it's complex |
1:11:17 | we're just at the point of understanding what works but not necessarily in combination alright so this is where |
1:11:26 | things get scientific and where I bring in the free radical stuff these are the |
1:11:31 | three main fences that you can turn on in your body to live longer this or two ends are the |
1:11:36 | ones that we work on and they require a molecule called nad to work those |
1:11:42 | enzymes there are seven I mentioned in the body so you can turn them on a few ways you can raise your nad levels by |
1:11:50 | exercising being hungry or taking molecules that raise nad the one that |
1:11:55 | I'm taking page 304 is called nmn not to be confused with M&Ms do not well you |
1:12:03 | can eat M&Ms who just won't live longer and might be 66 is a drug that we're |
1:12:09 | developing for diseases such as frailty there are what are called the |
1:12:15 | accelerators these are the fuel these the accelerators we call these sirtuin |
1:12:20 | activating compounds whereas Verrill the red wine molecule is a certain one activator so that's why when we gave |
1:12:27 | this molecule to mice they were resistant to obesity because the the mice the bodies of the mice thought that |
1:12:34 | they were hungry but they were exercised but they weren't we just tricked them using the red wine molecule but we've |
1:12:41 | made some much better molecules we actually made 14,000 versions since for his very trial one of these has gone |
1:12:47 | into humans and actually was in a small group of people effective in psoriasis |
1:12:52 | which is in an inflammatory skin condition so you know we've come a long way we know if we feed these molecules |
1:12:59 | to mice they live longer this one even works on mice the synthetic one so that |
1:13:06 | the sirtuins again exercise being hungry we'll turn these on nad boosters we'll |
1:13:12 | turn them on NPK that's the middle leg to the stool this is the one that |
1:13:17 | metformin will activate metformin is a drug for type 2 diabetes it's probably used by at least 50 million people |
1:13:25 | around the world probably more it's relatively safe as drugs go the worst |
1:13:30 | complaint typically is an upset stomach which you can usually mitigate with food or a coated pill and it turns on this |
1:13:37 | pathway which is combining with the sirtuins these are talking to each other this evolved to sense the levels of |
1:13:43 | energy in the body and when you didn't have enough energy in the body let's say you are really hungry that would turn on |
1:13:49 | so these are protected pathways the last one the third major one is called mTOR |
1:13:56 | which was discovered by David Sabatini at MIT and it senses how much protein |
1:14:02 | you're taking in and when you have low amounts of protein it will defend your body because it thinks that you're |
1:14:07 | running out of food so these are all hormesis sensors bad stuff happening |
1:14:13 | these genes get turned on and they protect you from disease and aging so |
1:14:20 | what do you want to do you want to not overload yourself with a ton of protein so carnivores I'm sorry it doesn't it's |
1:14:28 | not backed up by the data because you're not going to invoke this guy here mTOR |
1:14:33 | doesn't mean you you have to avoid meat completely but it does mean that I think constantly eating me isn't the right |
1:14:40 | thing to do besides what I like about eating vegetables you can need a lot |
1:14:45 | more of them so you're not hungry this one you can activate by actually |
1:14:51 | not eating as much food regularly eat less often you've got less glucose as |
1:14:57 | you can tell and monitoring that and then this one exercise also being hungry |
1:15:02 | and you can boost your nad with a pill now do we know this is all gonna make us |
1:15:08 | live 30 years longer no that's why I showed you the slide that you know we don't know if this is true or not but |
1:15:14 | it's it's been basically done in in hundreds of labs there's thousands of scientific papers and it's all we've got |
1:15:22 | right now you know those of us who were born in the 20th century wasn't our fault you know probably be better to be |
1:15:30 | born now if you wanted the best of medicine but we have to go with what we've got and this is the best we've got |
1:15:35 | right now based on all the science that we've got I take it and I'm not diabetic |
1:15:54 | I'm not waiting around till I get diabetic my father is taking that for he's borderline diabetic yeah you do |
1:16:05 | so type two diabetics right so that the data as as you'll read in the book is |
1:16:11 | really compelling type two diabetics that go on metformin people have |
1:16:17 | monitored there are other rates of diseases what happens to the rate of heart or frequency of heart disease |
1:16:23 | Alzheimer's frailty and cancer and some |
1:16:29 | cancers are reduced by 40% by this one medicine and those type two diabetics |
1:16:34 | are more are healthier than people that don't even have diabetes and that's in |
1:16:41 | one hundred over a hundred thousand patients so it I take five hundred in |
1:16:48 | the morning and five hundred and night if I yeah so typical debate would take |
1:16:54 | two grams which is that what you recommend for your patients so I take |
1:17:00 | half that and my father takes double that yeah right |
1:17:15 | so there were the Blut there are the Blue Zones where people are known to typically live a long time and one of |
1:17:21 | those places is Okinawa the island of Okinawa in Japan and they do all the |
1:17:27 | right things they're mostly plant-based they have a little bit of protein you need protein so they have a bit of fish |
1:17:33 | but mostly it's plants they're very active so they're exercising a lot |
1:17:38 | raising their nad and they only eat till they're 70% full and they stop that's |
1:17:44 | their habit and they're not exposed to Western hamburger type food but the |
1:17:50 | Okinawans who move to Hawaii they don't live long it's definitely what they're |
1:17:56 | doing as a lifestyle so yeah you you it this all makes sense that we've got this |
1:18:01 | convergence of people who study lifestyle and have said these things make you live longer and those of us who |
1:18:07 | have studied yeast cells and worms and flies and mice and we've come to the same conclusion |
1:18:13 | that there are genes that protect us so what about food oh I'll go quickly |
1:18:20 | because I'm sure you got questions I think eating three meals a day is not |
1:18:25 | the right thing I mentioned that earlier but if you are hungry in the morning by all means have breakfast but try to find |
1:18:33 | a meal that you can go without for me it's breakfast and I actually know that now because I've measured my glucose |
1:18:40 | levels and my body starts to produce a lot of sugar just as I wake up not everybody but some people I sent my data |
1:18:48 | when it first happened I said what's happening I'm glucose overloaded in my body |
1:18:53 | and I'm not eating anything so I sent him a picture of that graph and he said either your liver is making glucose |
1:19:00 | you're one of the people that does that or you've just had sex |
1:19:05 | so I said does it count if you dream about it anyway so it's obvious that |
1:19:11 | that my body's making glucose so I don't need to eat breakfast I've never felt hungry at breakfast so for me to have |
1:19:17 | breakfast on top of my body making sugar makes no sense at all I often miss lunch because I'm so busy today I had a |
1:19:24 | vegetable soup just because I was stressed out but that's my lifestyle I eat normal dinner if anything I eat too |
1:19:33 | much at dinner but I haven't I really like that I do drink red wine one glass of wine today is not going to |
1:19:40 | hurt anybody except for the calories but still worth it in my view how much red |
1:19:45 | wine would you need to drink to be like these mice that live longer the bad news is that you'd need to drink about |
1:19:51 | 300-400 glasses a day so don't do that |
1:19:57 | yeah well some people think that's really good news but the the take-home |
1:20:04 | message is that I think that taking or drinking a glass of red wine for 30 |
1:20:11 | years can have cumulative effects and it's not just resveratrol it's in red wine there are other molecules that are |
1:20:17 | beneficial as well so probably the combination is helpful and very long-lived people often admit to |
1:20:24 | drinking red wine more than more than the rest why I'm not sure why |
1:20:34 | they choose 200 but why is red one |
1:20:39 | better oh that's that's easy to answer yeah because they're skins like the |
1:20:44 | skins have the resveratrol and pulls it out with the alcohol actually most of it |
1:20:50 | is in the in the actual stem but we throw that away in terms of supplements |
1:20:57 | I have a newsletter if you want to subscribe I write about this stuff you |
1:21:03 | can sign up on my on the website it's called lifespan book calm but often |
1:21:09 | people say well where do I get where is very tall if it's not red wine and I have to be careful because I am a |
1:21:16 | professor at Harvard Medical School I'm not a supplement maker I'm not a supplement seller and I don't recommend |
1:21:23 | supplements but I think it's unfair for me to say this is what the science says you're on your own that's not fair |
1:21:29 | either so what I can say is that there are companies that make resveratrol most |
1:21:35 | of them are fine they're look for the really pure ones if you're gonna try it you can get 98% pure or 100% pure |
1:21:44 | resveratrol and that that should be fine I would just recommend don't keep it out |
1:21:49 | in the light I store mine in the fridge I store all all that my supplements in |
1:21:55 | the fridge particularly those nad boosters the nmn that i mentioned it's a |
1:22:01 | little-known fact but it's actually quite unstable if you keep it on the shelf for long for over a few months but |
1:22:07 | yeah so that I can't mention companies unless you grab me on the side whatever |
1:22:13 | but there are a lot of legitimate companies that are making pure resveratrol it doesn't come from red |
1:22:20 | wine they purify it from Japanese knotweed which is everywhere it's on the |
1:22:27 | on the roads here on the side of the road here in in Boston alright so that's food we can get into more things about |
1:22:34 | food later what about the antioxidant i'll i'll tell you about that |
1:22:40 | nope I'll tell you in a minute I've got a few more things what to do move walk everybody says this but it's |
1:22:48 | really really true but it's Malta more important to lose your breath becoming hypoxic will turn on this or to us yes |
1:23:03 | what's wrong with it well so what we think is that when your |
1:23:10 | body has low blood sugar it will turn on those pathways now if you're eating a |
1:23:17 | snack which probably has sugar in it or carbohydrate you'll you'll basically |
1:23:24 | stop your body from turning on the defense's yeah so think of your body as something that |
1:23:30 | only protects itself when it needs to and when it doesn't need to it puts on |
1:23:35 | fat instead for a rainy day which never comes so what we want to do is to do the |
1:23:42 | opposite which is be hungry and in those periods of hunger your body will |
1:23:47 | actually be repairing itself yeah unfortunately at the recommendation from |
1:23:53 | nutritionists which I disagree with is that you should never feel hungry lots of little snacks throughout the day |
1:23:59 | which is based on the idea that you don't want to hurt your pancreas but |
1:24:04 | actually being hungry if you're not sick is very helpful yeah |
1:24:11 | now I skip a meal or two a day there are some people who go for three days and |
1:24:16 | some people who go for a week without eating and I would do that if I could it's pretty painful though has anyone |
1:24:23 | tried intermittent fasting yeah is it ok can you do it yeah not a |
1:24:32 | weeknight yeah it's hard I mean we want |
1:24:38 | to be full we don't want to be hungry it |
1:24:46 | does so there's a dr. Peter a TIA have you heard of him he's an expert in New |
1:24:51 | York he does week and I don't know how he can do that probably because three million people |
1:24:58 | are watching him he does a week fast |
1:25:03 | every quarter yeah he does intermittent |
1:25:13 | fasting but he's he's using his body as an experiment so he's mixing it up |
1:25:20 | sometimes he'll just go keto sometimes he'll do protein and he's monitoring |
1:25:26 | with finger pricks what's happening to him so of course he has one of these but he's also got you know he can measure he |
1:25:32 | toes in your blood yeah yeah so he's |
1:25:37 | done all that and he's he's trying to come up with the right algorithm of what the right combination is because it if |
1:25:45 | we waited for clinical trials we'll all be dead it's it's expensive and slow so |
1:25:51 | there are these people on the frontier I'm kind of on the frontier but he's one |
1:25:56 | of the major ones he's really pushing it so that that's food if you want we can |
1:26:02 | come back this is the the hip exercises that I like to do it's you don't want to |
1:26:09 | just bend your back you've got to keep it straight like a rod and you stick your butt out and then you lift |
1:26:15 | dumbbells like that it's it's pretty annoying but it's very good what |
1:26:21 | happened to me writing this book was that I end up with a permanent cramp in my butt the piriformis muscle which is |
1:26:30 | that one there was seized up and I couldn't walk it was permanently painful |
1:26:36 | and these exercises were the only thing that fixed me and that's apparently very common with our modern lifestyles and I |
1:26:43 | think it's gonna be great when I get older that I'll have full movement and |
1:26:49 | back exercises too so you don't end up with kyphosis like my mother who was |
1:26:54 | around like that what else can you do well this is one of the enjoyable things actually I really do like to sauna and |
1:27:01 | when I was writing the book my editor said what about cold therapy what about that's not true that doesn't work how |
1:27:08 | can that possibly work but I researched it and it turns out there's good evidence that saunas are good for you |
1:27:16 | and increasing evidence that cold plunges are also good for you and a lot |
1:27:22 | of the evidence is written into the book so in the back you'll find there's a lot of endnotes references that you can look |
1:27:27 | up a lot of people read the book two or three times because it's got a lot of information but I do this every weekend |
1:27:33 | with my son as we were talking about before and it's bonding with my 12 year |
1:27:39 | old son it's good for the both of us and in especially in winter it's nothing |
1:27:44 | better than going through this and feeling refreshed like you've just been out at the beach so I spent about 15 |
1:27:50 | minutes in the sauna it's been found that people who do that have lower rates of cardiovascular disease and for |
1:27:57 | example though I do point out that one caveat with that those studies that I |
1:28:03 | cite is that if you're in hospital or you're in the nursing home you're probably not going to go to the gym or |
1:28:09 | to the sauna but that's a caveat I think it's probably working to turn on those |
1:28:14 | longevity genes now cold plunges this is all the rage narrow you can go cryotherapy ice man half is a superstar |
1:28:22 | on the Internet some of the research that we've done is actually showing that cold therapy is |
1:28:28 | good it turns on some of the sirtuins the sirtuin genes number three produces |
1:28:35 | an enzyme that protects the mitochondria free radical damage so when you're |
1:28:41 | revving up metabolism by being cold you're actually helping the cell rid itself of free radicals but you're also |
1:28:48 | building up what's called brown fat and if you haven't heard of brown fat it's because it's a relatively new discovery |
1:28:54 | so babies have a lot of brown fat and beige fat but we thought that adults |
1:29:01 | didn't have brown fat but it turns out we do and the colder we are and the more |
1:29:08 | cold we are when we walk outside the more brown fat we'll have because itself thermogenic our heat producing fat and |
1:29:15 | it's very healthy to have it so I I spend more time the cold these days than I want to and |
1:29:21 | Boston's a pretty good place to be cold the other thing that I'd learned in terms of a bio hack is don't always |
1:29:28 | bundle up and the best place to lose weight and to jet to burn energy is |
1:29:34 | while you sleep super easy just don't have such thick |
1:29:39 | covers on your bed have a sheet I mean don't shiver you got to get a good night's sleep but being a little cold |
1:29:44 | has actually really been helpful to me and I think I'm burning off you know a few hundred cows maybe at least a |
1:29:50 | hundred calories just by having to be a little cool at night so that's an easy |
1:29:56 | easy life hack this one's a little harder we jump my son and I we jump from |
1:30:01 | the sauna into a four degrees Celsius Celsius water bath which feels extremely |
1:30:08 | painful does anyone do ice plunges cold plunge tell you what if it doesn't make |
1:30:16 | me live longer it's it sure does make me feel grateful to be alive my son |
1:30:22 | actually Benjamin he's going for the world record at least his own record I |
1:30:28 | can spend a minute before my body aches and he's in there for 15 minutes what's |
1:30:34 | the problem dad I don't know he was born in New England that's why all right metformin we've covered so I |
1:30:41 | won't go into too much detail you do need a prescription unless you go to Bangkok or somewhere where you can just |
1:30:46 | buy it in a pharmacy it comes from a plant that you find throughout Europe it's just a weed it's a version of a |
1:30:53 | weed molecule called dog wanted quantity one I'd and metformin works does |
1:31:01 | multiple things remember I said it it's important to have mTOR modulated it does |
1:31:06 | that it controls your glucose at Laura's it that's why you're prescribing it but |
1:31:11 | it also has anti-inflammatory action it inhibits DNA damage prevents radicals it |
1:31:17 | stops cancer so it's a remarkable molecule now it wasn't developed to be |
1:31:23 | an anti-aging drug oops I should say longevity molecule but it sure looks |
1:31:28 | like it is one so that's your best bet I think besides all the other things in life that you can do now you might say well gosh how |
1:31:36 | am I gonna get it I don't have diabetes yet I'm gonna have to gonna have to talk to my doctor about that so more and more |
1:31:42 | doctors are learning about this the sales of prescriptions from that Foreman |
1:31:47 | have gone up 20% in the last few years and I brilliant I didn't even have a |
1:31:55 | doctor that gives me metformin though I |
1:32:01 | anyway it's it's a it I'm not recommending it but I'm telling you that the future is here now and there are |
1:32:09 | options all right this is the one I've been wanting to get to because it gets |
1:32:15 | back to antioxidants everybody that I talked to thinks that red wines good for |
1:32:22 | you and blueberries a good view because of antioxidants it's what we've been taught it's a huge marketing campaign and it makes sense the only problem is |
1:32:29 | it's not true the major benefits of resveratrol are not its antioxidant |
1:32:35 | properties it's actually not a very good antioxidant in the first place a lot better ones what it is this chemical |
1:32:44 | here resveratrol it's actually sensed by our body I believe our bodies have evolved to |
1:32:51 | sense the plant world and what we eat is turning on our defenses so why would the |
1:32:57 | body respond to plant molecules besides food well if you're running out of food |
1:33:04 | let's say your crops are dehydrated or the berries that you're picking are have |
1:33:11 | a terrible infestation of caterpillars we can see that but for most of the |
1:33:18 | evolution of animals they didn't have much of a brain they couldn't tell that time was were going to get tough so they |
1:33:25 | needed a way to sense when food was going to be scarce and the best way was |
1:33:30 | to sense the chemicals of plants when they're stressed so what is resveratrol |
1:33:37 | it's actually a plant stress Survival molecule when plants are dehydrated or |
1:33:43 | hit with ultraviolet light too much Sun infected by fungus they make a ton of resveratrol because |
1:33:49 | they're trying to turn on their so2 and survival defences plants have sirtuins right and I think we've evolved to sense |
1:33:57 | that and we've just lucked out that we produce a product that concentrates it |
1:34:02 | and preserves it keeps it away from light keeps it cool and keeps out the oxygen pretty good luck tastes good too |
1:34:10 | but it's also healthy and most of the longest-lived people in the world drink |
1:34:15 | this stuff so that's probably good but we can do better we can make molecules |
1:34:21 | that are a thousand times more effective than resveratrol this is not an antioxidant but it does the same thing |
1:34:27 | as resveratrol because it activates the sirt1 enzyme to defend the body what is sort |
1:34:33 | one do remember I said that it's moving around trying to repair DNA and protect the genome and and stop the scratches I |
1:34:41 | think that by drinking these these molecules and giving those enzymes more |
1:34:46 | activity we're actually keeping the cell from becoming scratched and we know it |
1:34:51 | works in a very accurate way these molecules bind to the blue region of the |
1:34:57 | enzyme so an enzyme it's just a protein that's doing reactions in the cell this |
1:35:02 | end this enzyme will go and tell this gene to be off and while leaving the |
1:35:07 | other one on right remember it's a silent information regulator what it does is remember the original slide |
1:35:14 | where I showed the DNA and then there was that green blob but that green blob |
1:35:20 | is a histone and that's what wraps up the DNA and if you're observant you |
1:35:26 | would have seen that that green thing had little tails swimming off it those are called histone tails and what this |
1:35:33 | enzyme does is that it controls the chemicals that attach to those tails |
1:35:38 | telling a gene to be silent or a gene to be switched on and when you don't have enough of this enzyme around you're old |
1:35:47 | you're not drinking or eating the right things your genes will come on when they shouldn't and that's aging and so it |
1:35:54 | works by binding here these molecules bind here and the enzyme does this and when it's in this act in |
1:36:00 | position it's much more active and it does its job quicker all right we're |
1:36:07 | almost done this is the nmn the nad booster these are the crystals of it |
1:36:13 | that we're turning into a drug and this this molecule when you feed it to mice |
1:36:18 | that are old they can run in some cases twice as far at least 50% further we had |
1:36:25 | some ice that outran the young mice and one actually ran over three kilometers |
1:36:31 | and the treadmill stopped we have little treadmills in the lab and the treadmill stopped and and my postdoc |
1:36:39 | in the lab called me up and said we've got a problem the treadmills broken the experiments |
1:36:44 | screwed up and it turns out it was just that the software was never written for a mouse to run that far so we had to |
1:36:51 | rewrite software so that's we're hoping that in clinical trials we'll see that we can treat a variety of diseases |
1:36:59 | I mentioned frailty but it could be a whole bunch of things related to aging that we end up treating it's in clinical |
1:37:06 | trials we've tested it for two years in people it seems to be very safe I apologize for black mice on a black |
1:37:13 | treadmill there's the mouse there's the mouse you see it can you see a tail so |
1:37:18 | that's the one on Anna man and that's the one that didn't get any we just put in their drinking water they drink it for a few weeks and four weeks and they |
1:37:26 | become fit so why are they running further you might ask well they have more energy but they also have more |
1:37:33 | blood flow it's as though they've been exercising because that's what happens when you exercise better blood flow more |
1:37:39 | energy and then finally I just want to just have a glimpse into what the future |
1:37:46 | might look like I told you we can we have a gene therapy that can reverse aging in a mouse's eye but what if it |
1:37:53 | works in people what if it works in the whole body to reset the age of somebody I just chose Bill Murray because I like |
1:38:02 | Bill Murray but you know he's he's aged right like everybody but imagine if if |
1:38:08 | when we're young we get this injection of the gene therapy so now we're genetically modified but the genes are |
1:38:13 | not turned on yet they're just like in our mice they're switched off they're not doing any harm and then you get to this |
1:38:20 | age I don't know how old is Bill Murray now but he'd be sixty or something maybe even more anyway you get you get to a |
1:38:26 | certain age and your doctor says I've just measured your biological age you're actually 85 you're not doing so well mr. |
1:38:34 | Sinclair but I've got something for you fortunately you've got these three Yamanaka factors in your body I'll give |
1:38:40 | you a course of doxycycline to turn on the genes so you get sent home with basically an antibiotic for Lyme disease |
1:38:48 | not not a problem take it for three weeks and imagine you know you start to |
1:38:53 | see better you don't have to see them hold the menu so far away you can think better you fit and you even look younger |
1:39:00 | that's the kind of future that this technology says could be possible and |
1:39:05 | then I just want to give you an example this is Exhibit A in my family we are a |
1:39:13 | group of at least on my Hungarian side a group of Ashkenazi Jews that change |
1:39:20 | their religion in World War two but we couldn't change our genetics we have terrible genes you probably know |
1:39:27 | Ashkenazi's are not the healthiest people on the planet and I'm carrying a bunch of mutations so I'm not predicted |
1:39:33 | to live a long time in fact most men in our family died in their 70s my grandmother had a stroke in |
1:39:39 | her 30s super high cholesterol right I'm on I'm on huge amounts of lipitor just |
1:39:47 | to keep my cholesterol down so we are not a healthy bunch so my grandmother she became she was she remember she was |
1:39:54 | a young at heart vivacious woman rebel I watched her get old at age 70 she didn't |
1:40:01 | want to go out of the house and she spent 20 years basically in a state of education in their lives it's pretty |
1:40:14 | normal for us to spend 10 years not wanting to live anymore |
1:40:20 | Hassan my father was born 1939 yeah |
1:40:26 | people always say can about those that how can they be so close but I've told you I think she was |
1:40:32 | pregnant 14 but in any case my dad he |
1:40:37 | wasn't expecting to live beyond 70 in a healthy way just like his mom he retired |
1:40:45 | at 67 he thought that he would probably |
1:40:51 | end up in a wheelchair like his grown his mom and he wasn't very happy he was |
1:40:56 | a quite a depressed guy he's like Winnie the Pooh in its no so he's like Eeyore |
1:41:02 | in beneath food so he's not a very optimistic guy if he |
1:41:09 | was here he'd probably say oh you know the temperatures not very good and and why are we wasting our time we're all |
1:41:16 | gonna die anyway that kind of attitude in life and I was there like no no this is great we can do this so anyway he's a |
1:41:22 | scientist he was a bike is a biochemist and he saw the research and he saw that |
1:41:28 | I was still alive after taking a few of these things and he decided to take it |
1:41:33 | as well so he's been now on the same regimen as me not just those three |
1:41:40 | things but a few other things as well including a lot of exercise don't get me wrong there's other things going on |
1:41:46 | but I'll tell you what he's um he's now 80 he started us a new career he's gone |
1:41:52 | back to work he just ordered his dream car he just got it last week a Tesla |
1:41:58 | Model 3 and he's optimistic I can't believe it I mean he's looking forward |
1:42:03 | to another 10 20 years of life so I'm not saying that this is proof of anything but I am holding him up as a |
1:42:09 | role model a beacon of hope for us and I'll show you some photos from the last |
1:42:15 | 12 months of his life right this is not a typical 80 year old he's doing |
1:42:20 | everything he always wanted we just got back he Ria's he led the way up the rain forest in Uganda |
1:42:26 | he took his five grandkids up to see the gorillas and it almost brings a tear to |
1:42:32 | my eye to think about how special that day was that he got to do that with his grandkids and my my kids got to do that |
1:42:39 | with their grandfather that what this is all about this isn't about us living forever it's about spending |
1:42:45 | quality time with your family instead of being in a nursing home so we're very |
1:42:50 | proud of of him we hope he continues we hope it goes well and they're not I just |
1:42:56 | want to finish by saying thank you for getting a copy of the book I hope you like it it was a lot of work I have a co-author |
1:43:03 | we were we spent over a year brainstorming how to put this all together there's philosophy there's art there's |
1:43:11 | history there's science all in there so he gets a lot of credit and I drew some |
1:43:19 | cast of characters so they're in the back too I actually was trying to use photos of |
1:43:25 | people and the publisher said David you've only got four weeks before this |
1:43:30 | has to be done and none of those photos are allowable because they're copyright |
1:43:36 | protected and I said well what if I what if I talk to people online and get your |
1:43:42 | permission no because you have to track down who took the photo I mean I don't know if we took the photos right so I |
1:43:48 | had to draw Lee so most people don't know but that's one of those inside secrets that I had to draw a lease and I |
1:43:55 | only had a month to draw them so it was one every day for a month and there are |
1:44:01 | a lot of really cool people this is the guy that trained me at MIT this is the woman who figured out that you could |
1:44:06 | double a worm's lifespan by changing one gene that's probably a Nobel prize-worthy discovery my friend Ruffer |
1:44:13 | de Cobo we spent Thanksgiving with he's the world's expert in calorie restriction neo browser lies the world's |
1:44:19 | expert in metformin for aging he's down in New York and Sheena my discovered |
1:44:25 | that nad is important and Anna man are important for the search one so these are all really cool people some people |
1:44:31 | are really ancient so let's see we've got some historical figures up here this |
1:44:38 | is this is misty Yamanaka Yamanaka factors eileen Crimmins studies human |
1:44:44 | epidermal dimmi ology anyway this is so there are illustrations in the book did |
1:44:49 | you have a chance to flick through there are actual illustrations drawn by Katie Delphia she's |
1:44:54 | a brilliant artist examples of her drawings my childhood in Australia |
1:45:00 | my grandmother me at MIT Benjamin Gompertz who showed the rate of |
1:45:06 | population decay why we age how it |
1:45:12 | evolved the CD analogy with the cell I didn't get into this but you can imagine |
1:45:18 | the epigenome as a landscape of balls landing in valleys and aging is that the |
1:45:24 | balls move into the wrong valleys and then metformin resveratrol nad rapamycin |
1:45:31 | does anyone know where rapamycin comes from ah can you see those heads up there |
1:45:38 | you know where they're from what's the name of Easter Island the other name |
1:45:45 | Rapa Nui rapamycin so it comes from Easter Island there was bacteria that |
1:45:51 | were found on Easter Island so I'm done |
1:46:00 | [Applause] you |