NAD+ Precursor: Difference between revisions

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|Converted directly to NAD+ through a series of enzymatic reactions.
|Converted directly to NAD+ through a series of enzymatic reactions.
|Phosphorylated to NMN by the enzyme NR kinase, then converted to NAD+.
|Phosphorylated to NMN by the enzyme NR kinase, then converted to NAD+.
| Converted to NMN by the enzyme nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT), then to NAD+.
|Converted to NMN by the enzyme nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT), then to NAD+.
|Converted to NAD+ via a series of enzymatic reactions: NA → NAMN → NAAD → NAD+.
|Converted to NAD+ via a series of enzymatic reactions: NA → NAMN → NAAD → NAD+.
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! Molecular Weight
| 334.22 g/mol
| 255.25 g/mol
| 122.13 g/mol
| 123.11 g/mol
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! Bioavailability
| Currently under investigation, but shows promise in preliminary studies
| Good bioavailability when taken orally
| Lower bioavailability compared to NMN and NR
| Well-established bioavailability
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! Safety and Toxicity
| Considered safe at moderate doses; long-term effects still under investigation
| Generally regarded as safe; high doses may cause mild side effects
| Generally safe; excessive amounts may cause flushing and other side effects
| Safe at recommended doses; high doses may cause flushing
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! Natural Sources
| Not found in significant amounts in food
| Found in trace amounts in milk
| Found in meat, fish, and grains
| Found in meat, fish, and grains
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! Research Status
| Extensively studied in animals; human research is ongoing
| Well-studied in both animals and humans
| Extensively researched
| Extensively researched
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! Cost and Accessibility
| Relatively expensive; widely available as a supplement
| Moderate cost; widely available as a supplement
| Less expensive; widely available in both food and supplement form
| Least expensive; widely available in both food and supplement form
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! Half-Life
| Short, around 5-10 minutes in the bloodstream
| Short, around 2.7 hours in humans
| Longer than NMN and NR
| Long, around 5.6 hours in humans
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! Clinical Trials
| Several ongoing to determine efficacy and safety in humans
| Numerous completed and ongoing, showing promising results for various health conditions
| Extensively studied, with numerous trials completed
| Extensively studied, with numerous trials completed
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