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Caloric Restriction: Difference between revisions
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==Effects in Humans== | ==Effects in Humans== | ||
The hormonal and metabolic effects of calorie restriction observed in experimental animals, such as lower [[body temperature]], reduced metabolic rate, and decreased [[oxidative stress]], have also been demonstrated in humans.{{pmid|18729811}}{{pmid|16595757}} Additionally, lower serum levels of basal [[insulin]] ("fasting insulin"), [[Fibrosis|profibrotic]] [[Protein|proteins]], various [[Growth factor (Protein)|growth factors]] - such as [[Platelet Derived Growth Factor|PDGF]] and [[Transforming growth factor|TGF-α]] - as well as [[Cytokine|cytokines]] like [[Tumor Necrosis Factor]]-α have been detected.{{pmid|15096581}}{{pmid|17389710}}{{pmid|17093155}}{{pmid|16732018}}{{pmid|16412867}} It is also established that long-term calorie restriction is an effective prevention against [[Type II Diabetes]], [[Arterial Hypertension|high blood pressure]], and [[Atherosclerosis]], which together are the main causes of [[Morbidity]], [[Disability (Social Law)|disabilities]], and [[Mortality]] in humans.{{pmid|19262201}} | The hormonal and metabolic effects of calorie restriction observed in experimental animals, such as lower [[body temperature]], reduced metabolic rate, and decreased [[oxidative stress]], have also been demonstrated in humans.{{pmid|18729811}}{{pmid|16595757}} Additionally, lower serum levels of basal [[insulin]] ("fasting insulin"), [[Fibrosis|profibrotic]] [[Protein|proteins]], various [[Growth factor (Protein)|growth factors]] - such as [[Platelet Derived Growth Factor|PDGF]] and [[Transforming growth factor|TGF-α]] - as well as [[Cytokine|cytokines]] like [[Tumor Necrosis Factor]]-α have been detected.{{pmid|15096581}}{{pmid|17389710}}{{pmid|17093155}}{{pmid|16732018}}{{pmid|16412867}} It is also established that long-term calorie restriction is an effective prevention against [[Type II Diabetes]], [[Arterial Hypertension|high blood pressure]], and [[Atherosclerosis]], which together are the main causes of [[Morbidity]], [[Disability (Social Law)|disabilities]], and [[Mortality]] in humans.{{pmid|19262201}} | ||
=== Longevity === | |||
Currently, there is no scientific evidence that permanent calorie restriction – with adequate [[Human nutrition|nutrition]] – leads to an extension of life expectancy compared to a lean adult.{{cite web |author=Stephan Schleim |url=https://www.heise.de/tp/features/Auf-der-Suche-nach-dem-Jungbrunnen-das-Beispiel-Kalorienreduktion-3395506.html |title=In Search of the Fountain of Youth: The Example of Calorie Restriction |website=[[Telepolis|heise.de]] |date=2012-08-31 |access-date=2015-05-11}} It is undisputed that severe [[Obesity|overweight]], i.e., [[Obesity|obesity]], leads to a reduction in average and maximum life expectancy. However, [[Systematic review|reviews]] have confirmed that calorie restriction (or [[Intermittent fasting]]) in healthy adults is likely to lead to similar [[Anti-aging|life extension]] – extensions of health and lifespan – as observed in animal experiments. They describe the health effects and molecular mechanisms of such phases, including [[Autophagy]]. A problem with scientific studies on this is that the relatively long lifespan of humans makes it difficult to directly test such interventions.{{cite journal |last1=Green |first1=Cara L. |last2=Lamming |first2=Dudley W. |last3=Fontana |first3=Luigi |title=Molecular mechanisms of dietary restriction promoting health and longevity |journal=Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology |date=2021-09-13 |pages=1–18 |doi=10.1038/s41580-021-00411-4 |language=en |issn=1471-0080}}{{cite journal |last1=Wilson |first1=Kenneth A. |last2=Chamoli |first2=Manish |last3=Hilsabeck |first3=Tyler A. |last4=Pandey |first4=Manish |last5=Bansal |first5=Sakshi |last6=Chawla |first6=Geetanjali |last7=Kapahi |first7=Pankaj |title=Evaluating the beneficial effects of dietary restrictions: A framework for precision nutrigeroscience |journal=Cell Metabolism |date=2021-09-22 |doi=10.1016/j.cmet.2021.08.018 |language=en |issn=1550-4131 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/354822240}} Periods in which calorie intake is limited to a constant deficit can be combined with intermittent fasting (periods with intervals of consuming no food, only water, and tea/coffee, for example) and variants of the [[Mediterranean diet|Mediterranean diet]], which typically have long-term cardiovascular benefits and could also increase longevity.{{cite journal |last1=O’Keefe |first1=James H. |last2=Torres-Acosta |first2=Noel |last3=O’Keefe |first3=Evan L. |last4=Saeed |first4=Ibrahim M. |last5=Lavie |first5=Carl J. |last6=Smith |first6=Sarah E. |last7=Ros |first7=Emilio |title=A Pesco-Mediterranean Diet With Intermittent Fasting |journal=Journal of the American College of Cardiology |date=2020-09 |volume=76 |issue=12 |pages=1484–1493 |doi=10.1016/j.jacc.2020.07.049|pmid=32943166 }} Which protocols (such as duration and magnitude of the calorie deficit) and combinations (see, for example, [[Caloric restriction mimetic]], [[Coffee#Effects of coffee|effects of coffee]], and [[AMP-activated protein kinase|AMPK]]) with calorie restriction are effective or most effective in humans in general and depending on the individual{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/j.cmet.2021.08.018}} is still unknown. | |||
== Mechanism == | == Mechanism == | ||