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== Correlation to Age-Related Diseases == | |||
[[File:Relationship between the hallmarks of aging and the age-related diseases.jpg|thumb|Relationship between the hallmarks of aging and the age-related diseases as revealed by the number of corelated documents{{pmid|38095562}}]] | |||
{{pmid|38095562}} explored the correlations between the aging hallmarks and the age-related diseases, as reflected in the number of documents in the CAS Content Collection. Generally, cellular senescence, mitochondrial dysfunction, lipid metabolism disorders, and inflammaging appear as related to multiple pathologies. | |||
Some particular correlations are noteworthy: | |||
*There is a strong correlation between documents related to cellular senescence and cancer, according to the CAS Content Collection. Cellular senescence is a state of a cell cycle arrest, so the entry of cells into senescence can act as a barrier to tumorigenesis thus being of special interest for anticancer therapies. It has been demonstrated however that, in certain conditions, malignant and nonmalignant senescent cells can develop protumorigenic properties and eventually trigger tumor relapse, evidencing contrasting roles of senescent cells in cancer still remaining to be explored.{{pmid|36045302}}{{pmid|34135460}}{{pmid|34458273}} | |||
*The strongest correlation between diabetes mellitus and aging hallmarks is with the lipid metabolism disorders, according to the CAS Content Collection documents number. Glucose and lipid metabolism are correlated in multiple ways.{{pmid|26566492}} One of the notable manifestations of this correlation is diabetic dyslipidemia, with both being well established cardiovascular risk factors. The link between glucose and lipid metabolism is in fact rather complex with both lipids and glucose playing important roles in energy metabolism.{{pmid|26566492}}{{pmid|29858856}}{{pmid|17429039}} | |||
* Hypertension–lipid metabolism disorders correlation: It has been reported that both hypertension and aging are associated with higher lipid peroxidation.{{pmid|26763852}} Aging is additionally associated with an increase in lipid peroxidation in cardiac muscle.{{pmid|10963736}} | |||
* Inflammation–cellular senescence correlation: Aging is characterized by systemic chronic inflammation, linked to cellular senescence, immunosenescence, and age-related organ dysfunction. Senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP) factors secreted by senescent cells promote chronic inflammation. Meanwhile, chronic inflammation accelerates the senescence of immune cells, resulting in an inability to clear inflammatory factors, which creates a malicious cycle of inflammation and senescence. | |||
*Altogether, there is significant correlation between cellular senescence and the majority of age-related diseases.{{pmid|26646499}} The disadvantages of senescence seem to be in, first, causing a loss of tissue-repair capacity because of cell cycle arrest in progenitor cells and, second, in producing proinflammatory molecules in the senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP). Substantial pool of information about senescence in cells has been acquired recently; however, it is still poorly understood. | |||
*Cognitive impairment–mitochondrial dysfunction correlation: The brain profoundly depends on mitochondria to produce energy, in order to maintain essential bodily functions. Upon aging, damaged mitochondria accumulate. They produce insufficient ATP and excessive ROS. It has been recently reported that mitochondria at dysfunctional synapses do not meet the energetic need and potentially trigger age-related cognitive impairment.<ref>Mitochondrial Dysfunction May Be a Cause of Age-Related Cognitive Impairment. https://www.genengnews.com/news/mitochondrial-dysfunction-may-be-a-cause-of-age-related-cognitive-impairment/#:~:text=During%20aging%2C%20damaged%20mitochondria%20that,cause%20age%2Drelated%20cognitive%20impairment. (accessed Jul 21, 2023).</ref>{{pmid|37122384}} | |||
*Alzheimer disease–mitochondrial dysfunction correlation: Alzheimer’s disease is the most frequent source of age-related neurodegeneration and cognitive impairment. A growing body of evidence implicates mitochondrial dysfunction as a common pathogenic mechanism involved in many of the features of the Alzheimer’s patients brain, such as formation of amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles.{{pmid|34063708}} | |||
*Altogether, there is significant correlation between mitochondrial dysfunction and the majority of age-related diseases including diabetes, inflammation, obesity, neurodegenerative disorders, cardiovascular diseases, and cancer.{{pmid|29257072}} Mitochondria are vital in regulation of energy and metabolic homeostasis. Proper mitochondrial functions, including cellular energy production and control of oxidative stress, are in strong relation with the accurate performance of brain, cognition, and the overall health.{{pmid|33808109}} | |||
*Liver fibrosis–lipid metabolic disorders correlation: Liver plays a key role in lipid metabolism; therefore alterations in hepatic lipid metabolism can be a factor in development of chronic liver disease. Furthermore, chronic liver disease can impact hepatic lipid metabolism causing alterations in circulating lipid levels contributing to dyslipidemia.<ref>Arvind A.; Osganian S. A.; Cohen D. E.E.; C K.. Lipid and Lipoprotein Metabolism in Liver Disease. In Endotext [Internet]; Feingold K. R., Anawalt B., Blackman M. R., Eds.; MDText.com, Inc.: South Dartmouth, 2019. [Google Scholar]</ref> Likewise, the liver plays an essential role in lipid metabolism, certain steps of lipid synthesis, and transport. Therefore, abnormal lipid profiles and liver dysfunctions are expectedly closely correlated.{{pmid|22312394}} | |||
*Altogether, there is significant correlation between lipid metabolic disorders and the majority of age-related diseases.{{pmid|33924316}} Upon aging, body fat builds up with changes in the lipid metabolism. Considering lipid metabolism, excess body fat with enhanced lipotoxicity triggers various age-related diseases, including cardiovascular disease, cancer, arthritis, diabetes, and Alzheimer’s disease. Progress in lipidomic techniques has identified alterations in lipid profiles associated with aging. Lipid accumulation and impaired fatty acid processing are associated with pathophysiological aging phenotypes. Although it is still not well-known how lipid metabolism is regulated upon aging, data suggest a dynamic role for lipid metabolism in signaling and gene expression regulation.{{pmid|33924316}}{{pmid|31560163}} | |||
==History== | ==History== | ||