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Antioxidant: Difference between revisions
→Oxygen Radical Absorbance Capacity (ORAC)
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*'''Green Tea Extract''': Rich in catechins, green tea extract is renowned for its antioxidant properties. | *'''Green Tea Extract''': Rich in catechins, green tea extract is renowned for its antioxidant properties. | ||
== | == Oxygen Radical Absorbance Capacity (ORAC) == | ||
Measurement of polyphenol and carotenoid content in food is not a straightforward process, as antioxidants collectively are a diverse group of compounds with different reactivities to various reactive oxygen species. In food science analyses in vitro, the '''oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC)''' was once an industry standard for estimating antioxidant strength of whole foods, juices and food additives, mainly from the presence of polyphenols.<ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Cao G, Alessio HM, Cutler RG|title=Oxygen-radical absorbance capacity assay for antioxidants|journal=Free Radical Biology & Medicine|volume=14|issue=3|pages=303–11|date=March 1993|pmid=8458588|doi=10.1016/0891-5849(93)90027-R|url=https://zenodo.org/record/1258621}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Ou B, Hampsch-Woodill M, Prior RL|title=Development and validation of an improved oxygen radical absorbance capacity assay using fluorescein as the fluorescent probe|journal=Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry|volume=49|issue=10|pages=4619–26|date=October 2001|pmid=11599998|doi=10.1021/jf010586o}}</ref> Earlier measurements and ratings by the United States Department of Agriculture were withdrawn in 2012 as biologically irrelevant to human health, referring to an absence of physiological evidence for polyphenols having antioxidant properties ''in vivo''.<ref name="USDAx">{{cite web|url=http://www.ars.usda.gov/services/docs.htm?docid=15866|title=Withdrawn: Oxygen Radical Absorbance Capacity (ORAC) of Selected Foods, Release 2 (2010)|date=16 May 2012|publisher=United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service|access-date=13 June 2012}}</ref> Consequently, the ORAC method, derived only from ''in vitro'' experiments, is no longer considered relevant to human diets or biology, as of 2010.<ref name="USDAx" /> | Measurement of polyphenol and carotenoid content in food is not a straightforward process, as antioxidants collectively are a diverse group of compounds with different reactivities to various reactive oxygen species. In food science analyses in vitro, the '''oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC)''' was once an industry standard for estimating antioxidant strength of whole foods, juices and food additives, mainly from the presence of polyphenols.<ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Cao G, Alessio HM, Cutler RG|title=Oxygen-radical absorbance capacity assay for antioxidants|journal=Free Radical Biology & Medicine|volume=14|issue=3|pages=303–11|date=March 1993|pmid=8458588|doi=10.1016/0891-5849(93)90027-R|url=https://zenodo.org/record/1258621}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Ou B, Hampsch-Woodill M, Prior RL|title=Development and validation of an improved oxygen radical absorbance capacity assay using fluorescein as the fluorescent probe|journal=Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry|volume=49|issue=10|pages=4619–26|date=October 2001|pmid=11599998|doi=10.1021/jf010586o}}</ref> Earlier measurements and ratings by the United States Department of Agriculture were withdrawn in 2012 as biologically irrelevant to human health, referring to an absence of physiological evidence for polyphenols having antioxidant properties ''in vivo''.<ref name="USDAx">{{cite web|url=http://www.ars.usda.gov/services/docs.htm?docid=15866|title=Withdrawn: Oxygen Radical Absorbance Capacity (ORAC) of Selected Foods, Release 2 (2010)|date=16 May 2012|publisher=United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service|access-date=13 June 2012}}</ref> Consequently, the ORAC method, derived only from ''in vitro'' experiments, is no longer considered relevant to human diets or biology, as of 2010.<ref name="USDAx" /> | ||
== Legal == | |||
Other than for dietary antioxidant vitamins—vitamin A, vitamin C and vitamin E—no food compounds have been proved with antioxidant efficacy ''in vivo''. Accordingly, regulatory agencies such as the [[Food and Drug Administration]] of the United States and the [[European Food Safety Authority]] (EFSA) have published guidance forbidding food product labels to claim or imply an antioxidant benefit when no such physiological evidence exists.<ref>[https://www.fda.gov/food/guidanceregulation/guidancedocumentsregulatoryinformation/ucm063064.htm Guidance for Industry, Food Labeling; Nutrient Content Claims; Definition for "High Potency" and Definition for "Antioxidant" for Use in Nutrient Content Claims for Dietary Supplements and Conventional Foods] U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Food and Drug Administration, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, June 2008</ref><ref name="efsa">{{cite journal|url=http://www.efsa.europa.eu/en/efsajournal/pub/1489|doi=10.2903/j.efsa.2010.1489|title=Scientific Opinion on the substantiation of health claims related to various food(s)/food constituent(s) and protection of cells from premature aging, antioxidant activity, antioxidant content and antioxidant properties, and protection of DNA, proteins and lipids from oxidative damage pursuant to Article 13(1) of Regulation (EC) No 1924/20061|author=EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies|journal=EFSA Journal|year=2010|volume=8|issue=2|pages=1489|doi-access=free}}</ref> This guidance for the United States and European Union establishes it is illegal to imply potential health benefits on package labels of products with high ORAC. | |||
== See Also == | == See Also == | ||