Resveratrol/de: Difference between revisions

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[[File:Resveratrol molecule spacefill from xtal.png|right|frameless|alt=Space-filling model of the resveratrol molecule]]
[[File:Resveratrol molecule spacefill from xtal.png|right|frameless|alt=Space-filling model of the resveratrol molecule]]
[[File:Resveratrol.svg|right|frameless|alt=Skeletal formula of trans-resveratrol]]
[[File:Resveratrol.svg|right|frameless|alt=Skeletal formula of trans-resveratrol]]
'''Resveratrol''' ist eine natürlich vorkommende polyphenolische Verbindung {{engl|polyphenolic compound}}, die in der wissenschaftlichen Gemeinschaft aufgrund ihrer potenziellen Rolle bei der Förderung der menschlichen Langlebigkeit und Gesundheitsspanne erhebliche Aufmerksamkeit erregt hat. Diese Verbindung findet sich in verschiedenen Pflanzen, wo sie als Verteidigungslinie gegen Stressfaktoren wie Infektionen oder ultraviolette Strahlung wirkt. Aus diesem Grund wird sie als eine [[Xenohormesis|xenohormetische Verbindung {{engl|xenohormetic compound}}]] angesehen.
'''Resveratrol''' ist eine natürlich vorkommende polyphenolische Verbindung {{engl|polyphenolic compound}}, die in der wissenschaftlichen Gemeinschaft aufgrund ihrer potenziellen Rolle bei der Förderung der menschlichen Langlebigkeit und Gesundheitsspanne erhebliche Aufmerksamkeit erregt hat. Diese Verbindung findet sich in verschiedenen Pflanzen, wo sie als Schutzmechanismus gegen Stressfaktoren wie Infektionen oder [[UV Radiation|ultraviolette Strahlung]] fungiert. Aus diesem Grund wird sie als eine [[Xenohormesis|xenohormetische Verbindung {{engl|xenohormetic compound}}]] angesehen.


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Resveratrol ist eine Art natürliches Phenol und ein Phytoalexin, das von mehreren Pflanzen als Reaktion auf Verletzungen oder wenn die Pflanze von Pathogenen wie Bakterien oder Pilzen angegriffen wird, produziert wird. Seine molekulare Formel ist C₁₄H₁₂O₃, und es gehört zu einer Klasse von Verbindungen, die als Stilbene {{engl|stilbenes}} bekannt sind.
Resveratrol is a type of natural phenol, and a phytoalexin produced by several plants in response to injury or when the plant is under attack by pathogens such as bacteria or fungi. Its molecular formula is C₁₄H₁₂O₃, and it belongs to a class of compounds known as stilbenes.
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Das Potenzial von Resveratrol, die Langlebigkeit zu beeinflussen, ergibt sich aus seiner Fähigkeit, mehrere biologische Pfade zu modulieren, die im Alterungsprozess eine Rolle spielen. Es ist bekannt für seine [[Antioxidant|antioxidativen {{engl|antioxidant}}]] und entzündungshemmenden Eigenschaften, die die schädlichen Effekte von [[Oxidative Stress|oxidativem Stress {{engl|oxidative stress}}]] und Entzündungen, zwei Schlüsselfaktoren für Alterung und altersbedingte Krankheiten, mildern können. Zusätzlich ist bekannt, dass Resveratrol [[Sirtuins|Sirtuine {{engl|sirtuins}}]], eine Familie von Proteinen, aktiviert, die eine entscheidende Rolle für die zelluläre Gesundheit und Langlebigkeit spielen.
The potential of resveratrol to impact longevity stems from its ability to modulate several biological pathways that are implicated in the aging process. It is renowned for its [[Antioxidant|antioxidant]] and anti-inflammatory properties, which can mitigate the damaging effects of oxidative stress and inflammation, two key contributors to aging and age-related diseases. Additionally, resveratrol is known to activate sirtuins, a family of proteins that play a crucial role in cellular health and longevity.
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== Historischer Kontext ==
== Historical Context ==
Resveratrol wurde erstmals 1939 von Michio Takaoka aus den Wurzeln des weißen Nieswurzes (''Veratrum grandiflorum'') identifiziert. Es erlangte jedoch in den 1990er Jahren erhebliche Aufmerksamkeit, als seine Präsenz in Rotwein entdeckt wurde, was eine mögliche Erklärung für das Französische Paradoxon darstellte – die Beobachtung, dass die französische Bevölkerung trotz einer Ernährung, die reich an gesättigten Fetten ist, eine relativ niedrige Inzidenz von Koronarherzkrankheiten aufweist.
=== Discovery of Resveratrol ===
Resveratrol was first identified in 1939 by Michio Takaoka from the roots of the white hellebore (''Veratrum grandiflorum''). However, it gained significant attention in the 1990s when its presence was discovered in red wine, suggesting a possible explanation for the French Paradox – the observation that French people have a relatively low incidence of coronary heart disease, despite having a diet rich in saturated fats.
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Die frühen Studien konzentrierten sich hauptsächlich auf die [[Antioxidant|antioxidativen {{engl|antioxidant}}]] Eigenschaften von Resveratrol. Forscher fanden heraus, dass es die Fähigkeit besitzt, freie Radikale zu neutralisieren und oxidativen Stress zu reduzieren, welche Schlüsselfaktoren für Alterung und altersbedingte Krankheiten sind. Diese anfänglichen Erkenntnisse weckten Interesse an Resveratrol als einem potenziellen Anti-Aging-Wirkstoff.
=== Initial Studies and Findings ===
The early studies primarily focused on the [[Antioxidant|antioxidant]] properties of resveratrol. Researchers found that it had the ability to scavenge free radicals and reduce oxidative stress, which are key contributors to aging and age-related diseases. These initial findings sparked interest in resveratrol as a potential anti-aging compound.
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Im Laufe der Jahre hat sich die Forschung zu Resveratrol erweitert, um seinen Einfluss auf eine Vielzahl biologischer Prozesse im Zusammenhang mit dem Altern zu erforschen. Studien haben seine Rolle bei der Reduktion von Entzündungen, der Aktivierung von Sirtuinen und sein Potenzial untersucht, die Effekte der [[Caloric Restriction|Kalorienrestriktion {{engl|caloric restriction}}]] zu imitieren eine der wenigen wissenschaftlich unterstützten Interventionen, von denen bekannt ist, dass sie die Lebensdauer in verschiedenen Organismen verlängern. Das Forschungsgebiet hat sich erweitert und umfasst nun auch klinische Studien, die darauf abzielen, die Auswirkungen von Resveratrol auf die menschliche Gesundheit und Langlebigkeit zu verstehen.
=== Evolution of Resveratrol Research ===
Over the years, research on resveratrol has expanded to explore its impact on a variety of biological processes related to aging. Studies have investigated its role in inflammation reduction, sirtuin activation, and its potential to mimic the effects of caloric restriction – one of the few scientifically supported interventions known to extend lifespan in various organisms. The body of research has grown to include clinical trials aiming to understand the effects of resveratrol on human health and longevity.
== Natural Sources ==
Resveratrol is primarily found in the skin of grapes and in red wine, but it is also present in other fruits, vegetables, and plants. Here are some of the natural sources of resveratrol:
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== Natürliche Quellen ==
==== Grapes and Wine ====
* '''Red Grapes:''' The skin of red grapes is one of the richest sources of resveratrol.
* '''Red Wine:''' Produced from red grapes, red wine is a popular source of resveratrol, with levels varying depending on the type of wine and where the grapes are grown.
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Resveratrol findet sich hauptsächlich in der Haut von Trauben und in Rotwein, ist aber auch in anderen Früchten, Gemüsen und Pflanzen vorhanden. Hier sind einige der natürlichen Quellen von Resveratrol:
==== Berries ====
* '''Blueberries:''' Contain moderate amounts of resveratrol.
* '''Cranberries:''' Another berry that is a source of resveratrol.
* '''Mulberries:''' These berries are also known to contain resveratrol.
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==== Trauben und Wein ====
==== Peanuts ====
* '''Rote Trauben:''' Die Haut roter Trauben ist eine der reichsten Quellen für Resveratrol.
* '''Raw Peanuts:''' Peanuts, especially the skins, contain resveratrol.
* '''Rotwein:''' Hergestellt aus roten Trauben, ist Rotwein eine beliebte Quelle für Resveratrol, wobei die Gehalte je nach Weintyp und Anbaugebiet der Trauben variieren.
* '''Peanut Butter:''' A source of resveratrol, though levels are lower compared to raw peanuts.
== Biological Mechanisms ==
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==== Beeren ====
Resveratrol is renowned for its diverse biological mechanisms that may contribute to its potential longevity-enhancing properties. This section explores the intricate biological pathways and processes influenced by resveratrol.
* '''Blaubeeren:''' Enthalten moderate Mengen an Resveratrol.
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* '''Cranberries:''' Eine weitere Beere, die eine Quelle von Resveratrol ist.
* '''Maulbeeren:''' Diese Beeren sind ebenfalls bekannt dafür, Resveratrol zu enthalten.


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==== Erdnüsse ====
=== Antioxidant Properties ===
* '''Rohe Erdnüsse:''' Erdnüsse, insbesondere die Schalen, enthalten Resveratrol.
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* '''Erdnussbutter:''' Eine Quelle von Resveratrol, allerdings sind die Gehalte im Vergleich zu rohen Erdnüssen niedriger.


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== Biologische Mechanismen ==
Resveratrol exhibits powerful [[Antioxidant|antioxidant]] properties, which play a crucial role in combating [[Oxidative Stress|oxidative stress]], a key contributor to aging and age-related diseases. It neutralizes free radicals and reduces oxidative damage to cells, potentially prolonging cellular health and vitality.
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Resveratrol ist bekannt für seine vielfältigen biologischen Mechanismen, die zu seinen potenziellen langlebigkeitsfördernden Eigenschaften beitragen können. Dieser Abschnitt erforscht die komplexen biologischen Pfade und Prozesse, die von Resveratrol beeinflusst werden.
=== Anti-Inflammatory Effects ===
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=== Antioxidative Eigenschaften ===
The anti-inflammatory effects of resveratrol are significant in the context of aging. Chronic inflammation is implicated in numerous age-related conditions, and resveratrol’s ability to modulate inflammatory responses could be pivotal in mitigating the impacts of such conditions.
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Resveratrol zeigt starke [[Antioxidant|antioxidative {{engl|antioxidant}}]] Eigenschaften, die eine entscheidende Rolle im Kampf gegen [[Oxidative Stress|oxidativen Stress {{engl|oxidative stress}}]], einen Schlüsselfaktor für Alterung und altersbedingte Krankheiten, spielen. Es neutralisiert freie Radikale und reduziert oxidativen Schaden an Zellen, was potenziell die zelluläre Gesundheit und Vitalität verlängern kann.
=== Sirtuin Activation and Regulation ===
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=== Entzündungshemmende Effekte ===
Resveratrol is known to activate [[Sirtuins|sirtuins]], a family of proteins associated with aging and longevity. Sirtuins regulate various cellular processes, including DNA repair, metabolism, and stress resistance, and are believed to extend lifespan by promoting cellular stability and survival.
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=== Sirtuin-Aktivierung und -Regulation ===
=== Impact on Telomeres ===
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=== Auswirkungen auf Telomere ===
[[Telomeres]] are the protective caps at the ends of chromosomes that shorten as cells divide. Resveratrol is suggested to influence telomere length and function, potentially delaying [[Cellular Senescence|cellular senescence]] and extending the lifespan of cells.
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*'''Trans-resveratrol''' is the most abundant and biologically active form of resveratrol in plants. It is the form that has been most studied in scientific research and is thought to be responsible for the majority of the health benefits associated with resveratrol.
*'''Trans-resveratrol''' is the most abundant and biologically active form of resveratrol in plants. It is the form that has been most studied in scientific research and is thought to be responsible for the majority of the health benefits associated with resveratrol.
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*'''Cis-resveratrol''' is less abundant in nature and less biologically active than trans-resveratrol. However, it has still been shown to have some health benefits, such as [[Antioxidant|antioxidant]] and anti-inflammatory effects.
*'''Cis-resveratrol''' is less abundant in nature and less biologically active than trans-resveratrol. However, it has still been shown to have some health benefits, such as [[Antioxidant|antioxidant]] and anti-inflammatory effects.
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===Trans-Resveratrol===
===Trans-Resveratrol===
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Trans-resveratrol unfortunately suffers from '''poor bioavailability''' and '''water solubility'''. Its solubility in water is less than 0.05 mg/ml. Studies have indicated varying plasma concentrations after repeated doses of resveratrol:
Trans-resveratrol unfortunately suffers from '''poor bioavailability''' and '''water solubility'''. Its solubility in water is less than 0.05 mg/ml. Studies have indicated varying plasma concentrations after repeated doses of resveratrol:
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==Dosage and Administration==
==Dosage and Administration==
=== Recommended Dosage===
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=== Recommended Dosage===
The recommended dosage for adults is generally between 150 to 500 mg per day, although this can vary based on individual health conditions and specific product formulations. In a study {{#pmid:20935227|pmid20935227}}, participants received resveratrol for 29 days at doses of up to 5.0g per day.
The recommended dosage for adults is generally between 150 to 500 mg per day, although this can vary based on individual health conditions and specific product formulations. In a study {{#pmid:20935227|pmid20935227}}, participants received resveratrol for 29 days at doses of up to 5.0g per day.
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===Safety ===
===Safety ===
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Resveratrol is generally considered safe when taken in recommended amounts, but excessive consumption can lead to side effects. In a study, it was found to be safe as no severe adverse reactions were observed based on clinical, biochemical, or hematological analyses.
Resveratrol is generally considered safe when taken in recommended amounts, but excessive consumption can lead to side effects. In a study, it was found to be safe as no severe adverse reactions were observed based on clinical, biochemical, or hematological analyses.
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===Side Effects===
===Side Effects===
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Some people may experience gastrointestinal issues, headaches, or a feeling of jitteriness. In the mentioned study {{#pmid:20935227|pmid20935227}}, the majority of adverse events in the higher doses (2.5g and 5.0g) were gastrointestinal symptoms, including nausea, flatulence, abdominal discomfort, and diarrhea. Symptoms typically began 2-4 days into the regimen and improved as the day progressed but would return after the next dose. They resolved within 2 days of completing the 29-day regimen.
Some people may experience gastrointestinal issues, headaches, or a feeling of jitteriness. In the mentioned study {{#pmid:20935227|pmid20935227}}, the majority of adverse events in the higher doses (2.5g and 5.0g) were gastrointestinal symptoms, including nausea, flatulence, abdominal discomfort, and diarrhea. Symptoms typically began 2-4 days into the regimen and improved as the day progressed but would return after the next dose. They resolved within 2 days of completing the 29-day regimen.
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== See Also ==
== See Also ==
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* Wikipedia - [[Wikipedia:Resveratrol|Resveratrol]]
* Wikipedia - [[Wikipedia:Resveratrol|Resveratrol]]
* [[Caloric Restriction]]
* [[Caloric Restriction]]
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== Further Reading ==
== Further Reading ==
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*{{pmid text|34336123}}
*{{pmid text|34336123}}
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