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Spermidine: Difference between revisions
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==Dietary Sources== | ==Dietary Sources== | ||
Good dietary sources of spermidine are aged cheese, mushrooms, soy products, legumes, corn, and whole grains. | Good dietary sources of spermidine are aged cheese, mushrooms, soy products, legumes, corn, and whole grains.{{#pmid:21249159|pmid21249159}} Spermidine is plentiful in a [[wikipedia:Mediterranean_diet|Mediterranean diet]].{{#pmid:29371440|pmid29371440}} | ||
For comparison: The spermidine content in human seminal plasma varies between approx. 15 and 50 mg/L (mean 31 mg/L).<ref>Ciba-Geigy, ed. (1977), "Sperma", ''Wissenschaftliche Tabellen Geigy'' (in German) (8 ed.), Basel: CIBA-GEIGY Limited, vol. Teilband Körperflüssigkeiten, pp. 181-189</ref> | For comparison: The spermidine content in human seminal plasma varies between approx. 15 and 50 mg/L (mean 31 mg/L).<ref>Ciba-Geigy, ed. (1977), "Sperma", ''Wissenschaftliche Tabellen Geigy'' (in German) (8 ed.), Basel: CIBA-GEIGY Limited, vol. Teilband Körperflüssigkeiten, pp. 181-189</ref> | ||
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==Spermidine and Longevity== | ==Spermidine and Longevity== | ||
Research has identified a significant correlation between the exogenous supplementation of spermidine and increased lifespan in several model organisms such as yeast, worms, flies, and mice. The longevity-promoting properties of spermidine are primarily attributed to its role in inducing autophagy | Research has identified a significant correlation between the exogenous supplementation of spermidine and increased lifespan in several model organisms such as yeast, worms, flies, and mice. The longevity-promoting properties of spermidine are primarily attributed to its role in inducing autophagy{{#pmid:27841876|pmid27841876}}. | ||
=== Autophagy === | === Autophagy === | ||
Autophagy is a cellular process involved in the degradation and recycling of obsolete or dysfunctional cellular components. This mechanism is vital for maintaining cellular homeostasis and plays a central role in cell and tissue health. Spermidine's ability to enhance autophagy is of particular interest in the context of aging, as the decline in autophagy has been associated with several age-related pathologies, including neurodegeneration, cardiovascular disease, and cancer. | Autophagy is a cellular process involved in the degradation and recycling of obsolete or dysfunctional cellular components. This mechanism is vital for maintaining cellular homeostasis and plays a central role in cell and tissue health. Spermidine's ability to enhance autophagy is of particular interest in the context of aging, as the decline in autophagy has been associated with several age-related pathologies, including neurodegeneration, cardiovascular disease, and cancer. | ||
Spermidine promotes autophagy through the inhibition of a specific enzyme called acetyltransferase EP300. This inhibition leads to a series of cellular events that eventually increase the autophagic processes within the cells. Essentially, spermidine helps in "cleaning up" the cell interiors, which is crucial for cellular maintenance and health, especially as the body ages | Spermidine promotes autophagy through the inhibition of a specific enzyme called acetyltransferase EP300. This inhibition leads to a series of cellular events that eventually increase the autophagic processes within the cells. Essentially, spermidine helps in "cleaning up" the cell interiors, which is crucial for cellular maintenance and health, especially as the body ages{{#pmid:25526088|pmid25526088}}. | ||
=== Cardiovascular Health === | === Cardiovascular Health === | ||
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== Bioavailability == | == Bioavailability == | ||
In a [[Randomized Controlled Trial|randomized controlled trail]] | In a [[Randomized Controlled Trial|randomized controlled trail]] {{#pmid:37111071|pmid37111071}} 15 mg/d of spermidine was administered orally in 12 healthy volunteers for 5 days and the blood levels of spermidine and two related compounds, spermine and putrescine, were measured. Only spermine blood levels increased significantly, but no effect on spermidine or putrescine could be detected. That suggests, when spermidine is taken orally as a supplement, it gets converted into spermine before it enters the bloodstream. This conversion happens presystemically, meaning it occurs before spermidine gets into the systemic circulation. This suggest that the bioavailability of spermidine, in its original form, might be low or perhaps altered, but the compound is still bioavailable in a different form (as spermine) which then has systemic effects. | ||
The study also found that a daily dose of 15 mg of spermidine was needed to see a significant increase in spermine levels in the blood. Lower doses like 0.9-1.2 mg of spermidine per day didn't show changes in blood levels of spermidine, spermine or putrescine. This suggests that there's a certain amount of spermidine you need to take to see an effect. | The study also found that a daily dose of 15 mg of spermidine was needed to see a significant increase in spermine levels in the blood. Lower doses like 0.9-1.2 mg of spermidine per day didn't show changes in blood levels of spermidine, spermine or putrescine. This suggests that there's a certain amount of spermidine you need to take to see an effect. | ||
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=== Safety === | === Safety === | ||
A 3-month randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind Phase II trial conducted on older adults with subjective cognitive decline demonstrated that a daily dose of 1.2 mg spermidine was safe and well-tolerated, with no significant differences in vital signs, weight, and clinical chemistry observed between the spermidine and placebo-treated groups | A 3-month randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind Phase II trial conducted on older adults with subjective cognitive decline demonstrated that a daily dose of 1.2 mg spermidine was safe and well-tolerated, with no significant differences in vital signs, weight, and clinical chemistry observed between the spermidine and placebo-treated groups{{#pmid:29315079|pmid29315079}}. | ||
=== Dosage === | === Dosage === | ||
The optimal dosage for human health and longevity outcomes remains unclear. In a separate study, 15 mg/day of spermidine was administered orally in 12 healthy volunteers for 5 days. Although spermidine was converted into spermine before entering the bloodstream, a significant increase in spermine levels was only observed at the 15 mg daily dose. Lower doses like 0.9-1.2 mg of spermidine per day didn't show changes in blood levels of spermidine, spermine or putrescine, suggesting that a certain amount of spermidine is necessary to see an effect | The optimal dosage for human health and longevity outcomes remains unclear. In a separate study, 15 mg/day of spermidine was administered orally in 12 healthy volunteers for 5 days. Although spermidine was converted into spermine before entering the bloodstream, a significant increase in spermine levels was only observed at the 15 mg daily dose. Lower doses like 0.9-1.2 mg of spermidine per day didn't show changes in blood levels of spermidine, spermine or putrescine, suggesting that a certain amount of spermidine is necessary to see an effect{{#pmid:37111071|pmid37111071}}. | ||
On the supplemental market, in 2023 dosage between 1 and 6 mg/day were advertised. | On the supplemental market, in 2023 dosage between 1 and 6 mg/day were advertised. | ||