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NAD+ Precursor: Difference between revisions
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|Converted directly to NAD+ through a series of enzymatic reactions. | |Converted directly to NAD+ through a series of enzymatic reactions. | ||
|Phosphorylated to NMN by the enzyme NR kinase, then converted to NAD+. | |Phosphorylated to NMN by the enzyme NR kinase, then converted to NAD+. | ||
| Converted to NMN by the enzyme nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT), then to NAD+. | |Converted to NMN by the enzyme nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT), then to NAD+. | ||
|Converted to NAD+ via a series of enzymatic reactions: NA → NAMN → NAAD → NAD+. | |Converted to NAD+ via a series of enzymatic reactions: NA → NAMN → NAAD → NAD+. | ||
|- | |||
! Molecular Weight | |||
| 334.22 g/mol | |||
| 255.25 g/mol | |||
| 122.13 g/mol | |||
| 123.11 g/mol | |||
|- | |||
! Bioavailability | |||
| Currently under investigation, but shows promise in preliminary studies | |||
| Good bioavailability when taken orally | |||
| Lower bioavailability compared to NMN and NR | |||
| Well-established bioavailability | |||
|- | |||
! Safety and Toxicity | |||
| Considered safe at moderate doses; long-term effects still under investigation | |||
| Generally regarded as safe; high doses may cause mild side effects | |||
| Generally safe; excessive amounts may cause flushing and other side effects | |||
| Safe at recommended doses; high doses may cause flushing | |||
|- | |||
! Natural Sources | |||
| Not found in significant amounts in food | |||
| Found in trace amounts in milk | |||
| Found in meat, fish, and grains | |||
| Found in meat, fish, and grains | |||
|- | |||
! Research Status | |||
| Extensively studied in animals; human research is ongoing | |||
| Well-studied in both animals and humans | |||
| Extensively researched | |||
| Extensively researched | |||
|- | |||
! Cost and Accessibility | |||
| Relatively expensive; widely available as a supplement | |||
| Moderate cost; widely available as a supplement | |||
| Less expensive; widely available in both food and supplement form | |||
| Least expensive; widely available in both food and supplement form | |||
|- | |||
! Half-Life | |||
| Short, around 5-10 minutes in the bloodstream | |||
| Short, around 2.7 hours in humans | |||
| Longer than NMN and NR | |||
| Long, around 5.6 hours in humans | |||
|- | |||
! Clinical Trials | |||
| Several ongoing to determine efficacy and safety in humans | |||
| Numerous completed and ongoing, showing promising results for various health conditions | |||
| Extensively studied, with numerous trials completed | |||
| Extensively studied, with numerous trials completed | |||
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