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Isoleucine: Difference between revisions
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In the human body, isoleucine is involved in muscle metabolism and is heavily concentrated in muscle tissue. It is also significant in hemoglobin synthesis and regulation of blood sugar and energy levels. Isoleucine's role as a BCAA makes it vital for repairing muscle tissue, especially after exercise, and in the maintenance of healthy muscle mass, which tends to decline with age. | In the human body, isoleucine is involved in muscle metabolism and is heavily concentrated in muscle tissue. It is also significant in hemoglobin synthesis and regulation of blood sugar and energy levels. Isoleucine's role as a BCAA makes it vital for repairing muscle tissue, especially after exercise, and in the maintenance of healthy muscle mass, which tends to decline with age. | ||
==Dietary Sources== | |||
Isoleucine is a peptide-bound component of both animal and plant [[Protein|proteins]]. The following examples refer to 100 g of the food item, with the percentage of isoleucine in the total protein also given.<ref>[http://www.ars.usda.gov/ba/bhnrc/ndl Nutrient Database] of the [[United States Department of Agriculture|US Department of Agriculture]], 21st Edition.</ref> | |||
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:right" | |||
! class="unsortable" |Food!!Protein!!Isoleucine!!Percentage | |||
|- | |||
| style="text-align:left" |Beef | |||
|21.26 g | |||
|{{0}}967 mg | |||
|4.5 % | |||
|- | |||
| style="text-align:left" |Chicken Breast Fillet | |||
|23.09 g | |||
|1219 mg | |||
|5.3 % | |||
|- | |||
| style="text-align:left" | Salmon | |||
|20.42 g | |||
|{{0}}968 mg | |||
|4.7 % | |||
|- | |||
| style="text-align:left" |Chicken Egg | |||
|12.58 g | |||
|{{0}}672 mg | |||
|5.3 % | |||
|- | |||
| style="text-align:left" |Cow's Milk, 3.7% Fat | |||
|{{0}}3.28 g | |||
|{{0}}198 mg | |||
|6.0 % | |||
|- | |||
| style="text-align:left" |Walnuts | |||
|15.23 g | |||
|{{0}}625 mg | |||
|4.1 % | |||
|- | |||
| style="text-align:left" |Whole Wheat Flour | |||
|13.70 g | |||
|{{0}}508 mg | |||
| 3.7 % | |||
|- | |||
| style="text-align:left" |Whole Grain Cornmeal | |||
|{{0}}6.93 g | |||
|{{0}}248 mg | |||
|3.6 % | |||
|- | |||
| style="text-align:left" |Brown Rice | |||
|{{0}}7.94 g | |||
|{{0}}336 mg | |||
|4.2 % | |||
|- | |||
| style="text-align:left" |Dried Peas | |||
|24.55 g | |||
|1014 mg | |||
|4.1 % | |||
|}All these foods contain almost exclusively chemically bound <small>L</small>-Isoleucine as a protein component, but in their raw state, they contain no free <small>L</small>-Isoleucine. {{Paragraph|left}} | |||
== Insulin Resistance == | == Insulin Resistance == | ||
Isoleucine, like other branched-chain amino acids, is associated with insulin resistance: higher levels of isoleucine are observed in the blood of diabetic mice, rats, and humans.{{pmid|25287287}} In diet-induced obese and insulin resistant mice, a diet with decreased levels of isoleucine (with or without the other branched-chain amino acids) results in reduced adiposity and improved insulin sensitivity.{{pmid|29266268}}{{pmid|33887198}} Reduced dietary levels of isoleucine are required for the beneficial metabolic effects of a [[wikipedia:Low-protein_diet|low protein diet]].{{pmid|33887198}} In humans, a protein restricted diet lowers blood levels of isoleucine and decreases fasting blood glucose levels.{{pmid|27346343}} Mice fed a low isoleucine diet are leaner, live longer, and are less frail.{{pmid|37939658}} In humans, higher dietary levels of isoleucine are associated with greater [[wikipedia:Body_mass_index|body mass index]].{{pmid|33887198}} | Isoleucine, like other branched-chain amino acids, is associated with insulin resistance: higher levels of isoleucine are observed in the blood of diabetic mice, rats, and humans.{{pmid|25287287}} In diet-induced obese and insulin resistant mice, a diet with decreased levels of isoleucine (with or without the other branched-chain amino acids) results in reduced adiposity and improved insulin sensitivity.{{pmid|29266268}}{{pmid|33887198}} Reduced dietary levels of isoleucine are required for the beneficial metabolic effects of a [[wikipedia:Low-protein_diet|low protein diet]].{{pmid|33887198}} In humans, a protein restricted diet lowers blood levels of isoleucine and decreases fasting blood glucose levels.{{pmid|27346343}} Mice fed a low isoleucine diet are leaner, live longer, and are less frail.{{pmid|37939658}} In humans, higher dietary levels of isoleucine are associated with greater [[wikipedia:Body_mass_index|body mass index]].{{pmid|33887198}} | ||