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2023-07-22 - Interview Dr. David Sinclair - Reversing Aging: The Revolutionary Discoveries of David Sinclair: Difference between revisions

2023-07-22 - Interview Dr. David Sinclair - Reversing Aging: The Revolutionary Discoveries of David Sinclair (view source)

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* https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O2ufU_TFzPs&ab_channel=InsideSerene
* https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O2ufU_TFzPs&ab_channel=InsideSerene
* Length: 1:04:46
* Length: 1:04:46
== Transcript ==
=== Intro ===
{| style="padding-top: 1em;"
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 0:05
| thank you very much for coming out on yet another chilly winter night here for
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 0:10
| us um so Dr Sinclair I thought I might start
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 0:18
| with something that one probably shouldn't do in polite company
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 0:24
| okay what is that I'm going to pull the audience
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 0:30
| how old do you think David Sinclair is
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 0:36
| 29. 52. 45.
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 0:42
| 48. [Laughter]
|}
=== Biological Age ===
{| style="padding-top: 1em;"
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 0:50
| um now of course it I mean people's looks can be very misleading in
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 0:56
| terms of age so maybe a better way to put it and I will ask I'll turn it back to you
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 1:01
| uh Dr Sinclair um the audience is actually at a disadvantage because they have to make
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 1:07
| this judgment just based on you know what they see but biologically age is a different thing so how much how old
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 1:14
| would you say you are biologically well
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 1:19
| I didn't say how old I am but I do use a number of different tests to see how I'm
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 1:24
| doing and I do that as a role model because I think we cannot optimize what we don't measure so I've been measuring
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 1:30
| myself for over the last 15 years to see what works in lifestyle and other things
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 1:37
| that I do as a as a scientist and hopefully a role model for the future
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 1:44
| so the tests indicate across the board that I'm about a decade
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 1:50
| younger biologically than I am chronologically I certainly feel younger and my partner
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 1:57
| would say I act younger uh often to my own detriment but it's very possible to
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 2:03
| be younger than your actual birthday candles would suggest and there is a Harvard study that shows that if
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 2:10
| you do just the right things that we might talk about later you can expect to live on average another 14 years and if
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 2:17
| you did not do those things um so I try to do all the good things as a role model and hopefully help Inspire
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 2:23
| others to do the same yeah so in the interests of transparency and what I would do in our regular show I would say
|}
=== Longevity ===
{| style="padding-top: 1em;"
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 2:31
| you know renowned scientist Dr David Sinclair 53 is here joining us today so
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 2:39
| there you go um I'm 47 by the way let's put it out there just to show everyone I I will
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 2:46
| expose myself to the same amount of transparency but um in in whatever you
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 2:51
| think your lifetime might be how much do you think average human
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 2:57
| longevity might change in that time well it's changing every
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 3:02
| day uh in fact every year you stay alive you get another three months of life because technology is advancing and it's
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 3:09
| been going up across the world uh in advanced Nations uh continuously over
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 3:15
| the last 200 years and it there's no sign that it's slowing down if anything it's going to speed up
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 3:21
| um and so I think that that there is a chance that the first person to live 250 is already with us on
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 3:27
| the planet and not only that even if technology doesn't go exponential which I think it's about
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 3:34
| to even with today's March of science someone born today has
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 3:41
| a 50 50 chance of getting to 100. as opposed to right now someone who's a hundred
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 3:47
| has made it through you know about 98 of people of that age have died already so Queen Elizabeth she was really lucky in
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 3:54
| the future it'll be normal to reach her age now when you say someone born today it's highly dependent on born where
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 3:59
| right I mean I don't imagine a yemeni child born today as a likelihood of living to being a hundred a 50 50 chance
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 4:07
| right so the good news though is that the world is increasingly getting enough nutrition
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 4:13
| to be able to do well and and uh diseases overall infectious diseases are
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 4:18
| coming down and in the future more and more people will have access to health care but you
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 4:23
| you're right the problem right now is that there are Technologies and knowledge and Lifestyles that we know
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 4:29
| keep you younger and healthier they're just unevenly distributed even within this country right so you said we might
|}
=== When did your interest in aging begin ===
{| style="padding-top: 1em;"
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 4:37
| sort of be at um a sense in a sense a Tipping Point in terms of the acceleration of uh
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 4:45
| longevity I'm going to just keep that as teas for folks right now because before we go forward I actually wanted to go
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 4:51
| backward a little bit and ask you sort of to tell us the story briefly if you
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 4:57
| could about when your curiosity your passion I mean what's become your life work in terms of
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 5:04
| human aging when did that first begin uh well my interest in aging began when
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 5:11
| everybody's interest starts when you realize that your parents are Mortals and will die one day that's a really sad
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 5:19
| day we all have experienced that we all know about death and usually it happens around the age of
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 5:24
| four or five that we realize that this is true uh for me I was raised in part by my
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 5:29
| grandmother my mother worked so my grandmother um uh did take care of me and and she was
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 5:36
| the sort of person that uh liked to shock uh people and she shocked me when
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 5:43
| I was four years old she said uh well I asked for the question um they called her Vera not grandmother
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 5:48
| Vera will you always be around and of course I'm thinking
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 5:53
| say yes say yes because I can't live without you and she said no I'm gonna die we're all gonna die your cat's gonna
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 6:00
| die first then your parents are gonna die then you'll die
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 6:05
| uh and uh so that was traumatic I remember exactly where I was when it
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 6:10
| happened what the carpet felt like it was prickly 1970s carpet um and for most of us we do experience
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 6:17
| something that traumatic I witnessed it in my children I have three kids and the oldest uh cried for a week at night when
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 6:24
| I told her the same thing and uh unfortunately we all go through that but most of us
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 6:31
| can forget about it because it's traumatic we don't think about death every day it's quite depressing but I couldn't
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 6:37
| forget about it uh it stayed with me because largely I felt like it was unfair why would there be
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 6:44
| a conscious species that knew it was going to die that just
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 6:49
| doesn't seem right to me and I knew that people were working on diseases cancer heart disease Alzheimer's this is what I
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 6:56
| always wanted to do I wanted to grow up and be a doctor but why would why would we ignore aging aging is the worst that
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 7:02
| can happen to us so that's how I became hooked can we put up a we've got a picture of
|}
=== Vera Sinclair ===
{| style="padding-top: 1em;"
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 7:08
| of uh Vera of your grandmother um and I just want to uh read a quick
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 7:16
| passage from your from your book lifespan if you could about her uh if I could read it for you um you write that
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 7:24
| Vera sheltered Jews in World War II lived in primitive New Guinea was removed from Bondi Beach for wearing a
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 7:30
| bikini the end of her but at the end of her life was hard to watch and she said this is just the way it goes but the
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 7:37
| person truly that she truly was had been dead for many years at that point
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 7:43
| can you tell us a little bit more about that I'll try to do it without getting upset
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 7:50
| uh I'm not the only one that watches their loved ones tragically go on in a on a
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 7:56
| decline typically the last 10 years of life are not something we'd wish on our enemies let alone our loved ones and I saw that
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 8:02
| with Vera that she was vivacious you can see that in these pictures that are shown behind us she was so full of life
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 8:10
| uh I had such a great time mentally you know I was I was six to ten years old during the
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 8:17
| Glory Days with her and she was also mentally six to ten she was a child herself
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 8:23
| it turns out my father her son was taken away from her because she had my father when she was 15 years old so I was
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 8:29
| really her first born that she could raise and we had had a great time she would drive down the road in the car
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 8:35
| dancing to music you know no seat belts in those days and so I learned to to
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 8:41
| love life the way she did but then to see the last 10 years of her life she actually she fell on a little uh Ripple
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 8:47
| in her carpet in her apartment broke her hip and uh was never the same and this
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 8:52
| is often what happens to older people is something really small like oh you trip or you don't hang onto the handrail that
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 8:58
| does them in and it was really tragic to watch someone who was so full of life who I admired I ended up going on that
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 9:05
| downhill and this is everybody's experience typically that someone knows someone they love who goes through that
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 9:11
| suffering that pain and there's nothing yet we can do about it
|}
=== Science of Aging ===
{| style="padding-top: 1em;"
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 9:17
| well uh I want to actually there's so much that you're saying right now Dr
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 9:22
| Sinclair that I want to pursue but um I'm gonna hold it to the to the end here
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 9:27
| because I want to give the science uh it's it's adequate do here
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 9:33
| we have an illustration uh another one I should say from uh Catherine uh Delphia
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 9:39
| am I saying her name correctly yes Delphia um that addresses what we do know right
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 9:45
| now about the science of Aging so can you can you walk us through this a little bit give us the the brief
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 9:51
| synopsis of what it is we know about why the human body ages
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 9:57
| yeah so the field of Aging has gone through many Transformations uh when I
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 10:02
| started I came to MIT in Boston in 1995 and the Dogma was take some antioxidants
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 10:08
| and you'll be good uh that's no longer the case we've moved on and in the the mid 1990s to late 1990s at MIT we and
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 10:16
| others around the world discovered genes that control aging you can tweak one gene in an animal a worm or a mouse or a
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 10:23
| fly and now we know in humans one change can make a big difference and so that was a rebel revolution revolution as
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 10:30
| well and in the early 2000s when I started my lab at Harvard we and others again discovered that the environment
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 10:36
| how the organisms live or how we live turns on those genes that controls aging and that was really important but the
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 10:43
| problem was we're all fighting as scientists my genes more important than your Gene David you work on the sirtuins
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 10:48
| they suck you should work on mtor and then it no really it's Amp kinase it's important and you know scientists always
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 10:55
| want to rush to not always but often want to be the the center of attention but what was really important in early
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 11:01
| 2000s was a couple of papers that were written to unify the field and they said
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 11:07
| all right everybody's everybody's right there are eight causes
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 11:12
| of Aging and these genes work on many of these and so let's calm down let's come
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 11:18
| together and so there was a chart that was drawn it was a pie chart where everybody's favorite Theory of Aging was
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 11:24
| put in there equally and it was happy times but of course they're not going to be equal so some of the things that are
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 11:30
| on that pie chart are loss of stem cells loss of nutrient sensing so high blood sugar for example senescence so zombie
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 11:38
| cells that accumulate DNA damage is a traditional one and in there is epigenetics which we'll
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 11:45
| definitely get into which is what I work on but these what are called Hallmarks of Aging was a unified
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 11:51
| theory of why we age but to me it wasn't satisfying because I knew we're not
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 11:57
| aging because of a pie chart we're aging because there's probably something that's happening to cause all of those
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 12:02
| things to happen and I've been looking for that ever since okay so then tell me more about the the epigenetics portion
|}
=== Epigenetics ===
{| style="padding-top: 1em;"
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 12:09
| um of this your area of focus yeah it's it's been an evolution but it
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 12:14
| really started in 1995 when I got to MIT uh the lab of Leonard guarante which is
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 12:20
| still over here uh in Boston discovered that there are genes that
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 12:26
| control aging and yeast and there was one called Sir II that gave rise to a whole field now
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 12:32
| and I arrived just as they discovered a yeast mutant that lived longer and they didn't understand why but it turns out
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 12:38
| this surging sir number two the it's an acronym for silent
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 12:45
| information regulator number two and what's important about that name is the word information
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 12:51
| and really what SO2 does is it controls whether a gene is silent switched off or
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 12:58
| in its absence turned on and in yeast as the yeast get older
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 13:04
| the inability to control the pattern of which genes are on and off is a Hallmark
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 13:10
| of yeast aging leads to their them getting old and from that Discovery led
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 13:15
| to what I've called the information Theory of Aging and that's the idea that it's not the loss of proteins or or
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 13:23
| defects in the cell membrane these are all known to happen what's really going
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 13:28
| on is that cells lose their ability to control which genes should be switched
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 13:34
| on and off now when we're when we're embryos and we're young foreign
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 13:42
| cells know how to be cells skin cells have the same DNA as a brain cell and a
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 13:49
| liver cell and what makes them different is which genes are switched on and off and we have about 20 000 of those and
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 13:56
| these surgeons that we found in yeast control that pattern and the idea of the
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 14:02
| information Theory of Aging is that that pattern gets disrupted by insults to the cell that such as broken chromosomes
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 14:09
| which we have now shown drives this process and one way to think of it the analogy
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 14:15
| is like a compact disc and for the young people listening and watching these were really awesome little plastic discs you
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 14:22
| could put 10 songs on they were really exciting but the analogy uh with aging is that the music is still on the CD
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 14:30
| but the scratches are making it hard to read the music so in biology what this
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 14:35
| means is that the DNA with the genes is still intact but the body can't read it and that's called uh the epigenome the
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 14:43
| readers of the DNA are the epigenome versus The genome which is the DNA and what that actually means is now now
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 14:49
| when I look at an older person they might be frail gray hair they can't see
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 14:55
| very well I'm pretty sure that the instructions to be young are still in that person
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 15:02
| they the cells in that person just don't know how to read the DNA correctly which has led us to the idea that we should be
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 15:09
| able to reset the body in the same way we'd reinstall software on an old computer and get the body to work like
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 15:15
| it was young again then that what would be the mechanisms
|}
=== Reversing Aging ===
{| style="padding-top: 1em;"
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 15:21
| theoretically to do that that reset or that that sort of software update right
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 15:28
| or polish off the scratches yeah if you're still in the 1980s well we didn't know if it was true that
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 15:35
| the information the epigenetic information not the genetic was still intact there was no precedent for for
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 15:42
| that existence um we'd learn in the the early 2000s
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 15:47
| uh well mid mid 2000s that you could reset the age of a cell back to zero uh shinyo yamanako won the Nobel
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 15:55
| Prize for that and uh 2016. but what wasn't clear to anybody was
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 16:01
| whether you could partially reset a cell from 70 years old back to 25 without
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 16:06
| going all the way to zero which you don't want to do you do not want to be age zero you will be the world's biggest tumor
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 16:13
| so we had this idea that maybe the cell has a memory of being young there's some
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 16:18
| information in there that we don't know about and if we turn on embryonic genes it's just some of them and we in in our
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 16:25
| paper that we published in 2020 we used three genes uh short the acronym is O S
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 16:31
| and K we put osk into cells and we found that they did go back not to zero but
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 16:36
| they stopped at about 75 percent age reversal and those cells could now have
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 16:42
| the same um function as they did when they were young and they stayed young it wasn't
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 16:47
| just oh we had to keep these genes on it was a it was a reset and the cells became young and
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 16:54
| functioned young and then we use that technology we tested it on the eye of a mouse we let mice get old or we gave
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 17:00
| them glaucoma which isn't a very common age-related disease and we put in these three genes for a
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 17:05
| couple of months these three embryonic genes that are normally not on in mammals and guess what happened
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 17:12
| they went back in age from an old mouse which is two years back to a much younger age and their
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 17:19
| blindness was cured and the cells at the back of the either nerve cells became young for the first
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 17:25
| time and it was a permanent reset and now we actually know that you can keep
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 17:30
| resetting so I see a future where we can reset parts of the body maybe the whole
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 17:35
| body we take a medicine we go back 10 years and the doctor says well come back in another 10 years and we'll do it
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 17:41
| again of the the mouse experiment that you were talking about just now
|}
=== Mouse Experiment ===
{| style="padding-top: 1em;"
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 17:49
| uh and so is is this is this is this is demonstrating or what
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 17:55
| you were discussing about the reset in the in the audience yeah exactly this is actually a different experiment that was
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 18:02
| the first one that we did but it's very similar in this case we had a damaged optic nerve in the mouse and only very
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 18:08
| young mice can repair their Vision if you damage the optic nerve similar to if you if you break your spine your uh your
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 18:15
| spinal cord you're not going to walk again yet and we we reverse the age of the eye of these mice and the nerves grew back to
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 18:22
| the brain all the way back and that's never happened before and so that was the first indication that we could truly
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 18:28
| restore the ability to heal that's only present in very young individuals
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 18:34
| and we measured the age of those cells and they were young we can now we have a clock and we can measure everybody's age
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 18:41
| now pretty easily for just a few dollars and those mice that became younger the
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 18:46
| other thing that's shown in this diagram that's interesting is that there are enzymes that control that clock that we
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 18:53
| measure there are chemicals on the DNA that we can read that tell us how old the cell is biologically
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 18:58
| and those enzymes when we got rid of them they're called teds then the mice
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 19:03
| did not get their Vision back so we needed that system to reset the clock to
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 19:09
| be able to get Vision back so it just the analogy how important is this well it's as if we had a clock on the wall
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 19:16
| and normally if you turn the hands back of a clock nothing happens
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 19:22
| time doesn't change but in this experiment time changed when we reversed the clock which was really quite a
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 19:28
| discovery the clock uh the Horvath clock is that
|}
=== Horvath Clock ===
{| style="padding-top: 1em;"
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 19:33
| right yeah so Steve forabeth gets to name it he was one of the first scientists and so Steve discovered that
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 19:40
| these chemicals on the genome change some of them change predictably over time and he used machine learning to
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 19:47
| find out which of those sites so there are millions of these what are called DNA methylations or these are chemicals
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 19:52
| that accumulate on DNA and a few hundred of those are very predictive of your biological age
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 20:00
| and also can predict when you're going to die so I could take your DNA a cheek swab and tell you
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 20:06
| roughly if you don't change your life when you're gonna die and sometimes even what you're going to die of so this
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 20:12
| clock has revolutionized aging research because before all we could do is look at somebody or look at a mouse and say
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 20:18
| hey it looks kind of young looks kind of old but now we can very accurately tell you how old it is
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 20:23
| so so bear with me for a moment
|}
=== Biological Failures ===
{| style="padding-top: 1em;"
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 20:30
| a couple summers ago I went to Bryce Canyon National Park and they have a they have a Grove of
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 20:36
| Bristlecone Pine there right a species that's also known as the
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 20:42
| Methuselah tree because they live for thousands of years and then the oldest one in this
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 20:47
| particular little Grove was 1900 years old and but it was it was like a baby essentially right and
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 20:54
| and I was thinking in nature species like that organisms like that
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 21:01
| are exceedingly rare as far as I can tell if if I'm wrong please correct me there's um
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 21:08
| like one species of shark whose name I forget Greenland the Greenland shark that can live for like half a millennia
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 21:14
| something like that right yeah or more yeah yeah but there aren't I mean again
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 21:21
| correct me if I'm wrong but there aren't that many so I'm wondering if if Aging
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 21:26
| in and of itself if the theory is that there's something fundamentally uh if aging is a sign of a of a biological
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 21:34
| failure um one would presume that with Evolution biological failures would be evolved out
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 21:41
| so why don't we have more species that live for extraordinarily long periods of
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 21:46
| time oh there's a very simple answer we only live as long as we need to to ensure the species survival
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 21:53
| Evolution doesn't care about us as individuals unfortunately and if species are preyed upon like a
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 21:59
| mouse or or an insect it will breed rapidly and die young because they put
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 22:04
| all their energy into breathing species that are at the top of the food chain can afford to grow slowly
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 22:10
| reproduce slowly and live long and and put effort into building a robust body and you know we've been at the top of
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 22:16
| the food chain not for not that long so we're still evolving longer life spans give us another six million years we'll
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 22:23
| definitely live longer but we don't have time for that we need to re-engineer ourselves somehow but there are species
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 22:30
| like you say that they are relatively rare but they're they're quite a lot hundreds of species that live longer
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 22:35
| than us a lot of reptiles birds even uh definitely whales uh who by the way
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 22:41
| whales are very similar to us very very genetically similar so you know it's not just a tree we don't have to become
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 22:46
| trees to live a long time we just need to find what are the few Gene changes in in Wales that give them the long life
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 22:52
| and a whale is full of cells they don't get cancer for sometimes hundreds of years there are tricks to this
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 22:59
| um so I when often I'm asked well maybe we humans are at our limit 122 is the
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 23:05
| longest uh at least ostensibly the longest lived human that's recorded
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 23:11
| um they say well that's it that's all we can do and my answer to that is well
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 23:17
| we're just getting started there are lots of species that can live 200 300 years that are not that different from
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 23:22
| us some live thousands so there is no no law of biology that says we must age
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 23:28
| there isn't anyone who says we have to grow old doesn't know what they're talking about there are ways of preserving the body we
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 23:35
| see it in the natural world and we just need to learn how that how do they do it and one of the interesting things is if
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 23:40
| you look at species that live a long time like whales and these sharks and Bristlecone Pines they're epigenome the
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 23:47
| structures that control the DNA have a lot more stable epigenome there
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 23:53
| are information on how to control the genes switches are very stable which
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 23:58
| fits with the information Theory of Aging so if we can find ways to control our cells aging process and and be able
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 24:05
| to maintain that youthful pattern of which genes are on and off like a whale and a tree we should be able to live
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 24:12
| hundreds of years if not thousands but so but you said that that species tend
|}
=== Human Lifespan ===
{| style="padding-top: 1em;"
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 24:17
| to live on average as long as is needed to reproduce
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 24:23
| but what your positing in the future is living is
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 24:28
| human beings living much much much much longer than needed to reproduce so you actually are
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 24:35
| really pushing against The evolutionary requirement for the lifespan of of the
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 24:41
| human organism fantastic why not everything else about human no I just want to be I want I want
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 24:48
| to be clear on that because this isn't some this isn't just like we want to improve people it's not just that not
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 24:54
| it's it's something else you really are pushing against what you're saying is the evolutionary rule for every other
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 25:00
| species ever right but what else you know we've been
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 25:06
| doing that for thousands of years as a species what about this room is natural the air isn't natural the temperature is
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 25:13
| natural clothes are not natural speaking into a microphone is definitely not natural we are an unnatural species
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 25:19
| is what we do so controlling aging is what we do I would argue that controlling aging
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 25:25
| is more natural than not controlling it it surprises me that we as a species have ignored it for so long if an alien
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 25:31
| came down and looked at us they'd say okay we're pretty impressed with equals mc squared and pi to a billion decimal
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 25:38
| places but you're missing the most important problem that you face on the planet and that is you'll get sick you
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 25:45
| know at 70 years old you're getting sick that's craziness we solved aging Millennia ago what are you doing
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 25:52
| so but so because I just hear a lot of terms that maybe in my mind they're becoming conflated and you can help me
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 25:58
| um parse them a little because you know from the moment one could say from the moment the sperm
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 26:05
| meets the egg the aging process is essential begun it does begin a conception we can measure that now Okay
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 26:10
| so by that definition it's not aging per se that you are trying to do something
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 26:17
| about because obviously we need to be born we need to grow we need to mature
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 26:23
| it's old age and the ravages of old age that you're concerned about that you're concerned with
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 26:29
| I'm concerned about aging even in teenagers we are aging at every stage of our life every day how we live matters
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 26:35
| and accumulates so if you are in college and you don't take care of your body that will show up decades later as
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 26:42
| sickness and old age there is no escaping that it's not that you can be really bad and then at age 80 start
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 26:48
| living well it's cumulative and that clock is ticking every day and so with that knowledge a lot of
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 26:55
| young people in their 20s are paying attention to this kind of research knowing that they need to start early okay so I guess I'm just confused though
|}
=== Aging in Teenagers ===
{| style="padding-top: 1em;"
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 27:02
| because that's is that simply trying to live a more healthful life or is it you
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 27:08
| said that you're concerned about aging in teenagers are aging we're all aging even babies
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 27:14
| are aging and the way we raise our children even in the mother's womb is ticking that that hovath clock forward
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 27:21
| which will cause issues later in life uh and so the
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 27:28
| teenagers even though they're still developing and getting older um although they look like they're still
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 27:34
| functioning very well there are changes to that clock that will affect them later in life now I'm not saying that
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 27:40
| the kind of things that we do as as midlife adults should be done by teenagers of course absolutely not but I
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 27:47
| do think that things like obesity and the lack of exercise for just to name two things that the teenagers suffer
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 27:54
| from due to modern society uh will cause problems in their health many decades
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 27:59
| later hmm um sorry I'm just I'm gonna discussion on this a little because I just I
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 28:06
| I I it's not that I'm confused I just I think there's a gap in my understanding because
|}
=== Diseases of Aging ===
{| style="padding-top: 1em;"
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 28:12
| you know there is there's a lot there's been a conception for a long time uh that
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 28:19
| the the disease you said this earlier like the the diseases of cancer heart
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 28:24
| disease Etc these are obviously things that we are we don't want to get right and we are spending trillions of dollars
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 28:32
| to to to cure to Stave off to treat
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 28:37
| um I don't know sometimes I look at
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 28:42
| especially things like cancer as in some people the sort of inevitable endpoint
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 28:49
| of life right because if it has to do with you know cellular reproduction right that that you have to die of
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 28:56
| something and a lot of people are going to die of cancer so uh I guess what I'm saying is people
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 29:03
| please forgive me about this because it's going to sound cruel but my you know my mother has uh she's got
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 29:08
| peritoneal cancer um and in total transparency my father died in October right so you have to die
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 29:17
| of something and I guess what I'm curious about is are you when you push your vision to its farthest extreme are
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 29:22
| you saying that you feel like people should not die ever
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 29:28
| or that all these diseases that we're trying to fight should be completely eradicated for what so that we live forever no
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 29:35
| absolutely not I'm not saying we should live forever I am saying that we have a chance to
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 29:40
| postpone illness and suffering by tackling what's causing illness and suffering which is Aging for too long
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 29:48
| we've been focused on the end products of Aging cancer heart disease Alzheimer's these are 80 to 90 percent
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 29:54
| caused by the aging process so we're really sticking Band-Aids at the end of
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 29:59
| life on these problems when we're missing the main point that's driving these even cancer young people tend not
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 30:06
| to get cancer because their bodies are killing cancer cells in their body every day so if you could take an 80 year old and
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 30:12
| make it 20 make the person 20 then they probably wouldn't get cancer either you'd have a very strong immune system
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 30:18
| same for heart disease same for Alzheimer's we're now reversing Aging in mice in the brain and their dementia
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 30:25
| goes away so I I believe that the best way to prevent and also to treat diseases of
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 30:30
| aging and even damage like those damaged eyeballs in the mice is to keep cells
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 30:36
| young so that they know how to function optimally and take care of us and when we do that I think that those diseases that cause suffering lead in life
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 30:43
| in billions of people yeah that will go away because the body will be young and can fight those diseases
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 30:50
| so what would people die of well they'll probably still die from the same diseases but much later and quicker
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 30:55
| the longer somebody lives the quicker they die with less suffering and the less burden on the economy that is a
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 31:01
| fact and that's what I'm hoping for for everybody yeah but what I'm curious is though is
|}
=== Health Care ===
{| style="padding-top: 1em;"
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 31:07
| the longer they live the the quicker they die
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 31:12
| um I mean the flip side of that is especially here in the U.S health care System but 50 of our health care dollars
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 31:17
| goes to taking care of people in the last year of their lives so whether they die quickly or not we're still spending
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 31:24
| a vast sum of money in that last slice right I mean that that is true and uh but what
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 31:31
| also you we should appreciate is it's somebody who gets sick at age 50 or 60 and then spends 10 20 years being taken
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 31:38
| care of and there are a lot of people like that as well and I don't think that that's necessary actually that
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 31:44
| with technology that's available now not everybody but will be the scans and the
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 31:49
| DNA tests cancer is largely preventable at least a lot of it can be detected decades before it
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 31:55
| actually shows up and we get sick same with heart disease very good medicines not so much the brain but we're working on that there is a future where
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 32:03
| even without the age reversal technology we will be able to prevent the major Killers for a long while a lot a long
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 32:10
| time beyond what we currently do the way medicines practice now I think is very medieval we see a doctor maybe once a
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 32:17
| year we go in they say how you feeling feeling okay to get some sleep you're getting exercise
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 32:22
| that's how it's been done for hundreds of years what we now need to do is to be able to monitor the body not once a year
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 32:28
| but every second and there are ways to do that I wear monitors sometimes that measure my body every thousandth of a
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 32:34
| second and predict can predict if I'm going to have a heart attack in the future if I have cancer and these things
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 32:39
| are coming and those Technologies combined with the Aging research that we and others are doing will guarantee for
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 32:46
| most people an extra decade or two can you talk more about that because um there is a whole culture right of
|}
=== Bio Monitoring ===
{| style="padding-top: 1em;"
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 32:53
| people who are like just constantly bio-monitoring uh themselves and uh and
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 32:59
| in fact it's it's growing rapid rapidly we are all carrying devices in our
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 33:04
| pockets or handbags right now that can do a lot of this um you don't even have to like
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 33:10
| physically attach it to your body but um it wasn't that long you've been talking about this for quite some time it wasn't
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 33:16
| that long ago where people kind of looked at you at a scans about it oh that's true yeah in my book I talk about
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 33:22
| having a glucose monitor which in those days recently just pre-covered it was
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 33:28
| weird to have a monetary on yourself unless you had type 2 diabetes or type 1. now there's a whole Trend where
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 33:35
| people want to know what's going on in their bodies and the reason for wanting to do that is I make the case that we we
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 33:42
| know more about how our cars are functioning that we know about our bodies we have a dashboard there's computers that monitor things all the
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 33:48
| time but we fly blind with our bodies why is that we should be no we should know how
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 33:54
| things are going not just to alert us if we're going to get sick or if there's something we need to see a doctor for but to know if
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 34:01
| changes in our lifestyle are working everybody's different I'm often asked what should I do and there are some
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 34:07
| general rules but we're all very different we're different genders different DNA different epigenomes we
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 34:14
| also have different microbiomes and we also are tolerant of different Lifestyles I don't like exercise some
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 34:19
| people love it so we're all different and if you don't monitor yourself in some way you have no idea if what you're
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 34:25
| doing is working you know um it my brother lives in Palo Alto and
|}
=== Biohacking ===
{| style="padding-top: 1em;"
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 34:31
| he in fact was talking to me about many friends he has that wears like the constant glucose monitoring and there's
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 34:37
| a whole sort of like like biohacking uh world out there
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 34:44
| um the the maybe I'm just influenced a little bit
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 34:50
| by the conversations I've had with my brother but the whole idea that like microsecond to microsecond we can
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 34:55
| optimize that's the language of Silicon Valley right optimizing the machine of
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 35:01
| the body in order to produce the most perfect result being whatever you want it to be
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 35:06
| um for those of us who don't live in that world where we're constant constantly thinking about it can that also produce
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 35:13
| some anxiety a little right because like you know I would say that part of what I think is
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 35:19
| one of the beauties of of um of the human body is that like we're this wonderful homeostatic machines right where like we
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 35:28
| we go through highs and lows of whatever system you want but overall we kind of attain some kind of balance I mean how
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 35:34
| healthy is it to monitor yourself every second of microsecond of the day and
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 35:40
| night yeah well I'm not looking at the data all the time okay but but the computer that gets the data is and
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 35:46
| that's what we want we want AI systems or at least a a nurse or some other practitioner who can monitor hundreds if
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 35:53
| not thousands of people's um readouts and if and I've seen this these devices exist you stick them on
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 36:00
| there are screens and there are hundreds of people and if there's an alert that somebody has an arrhythmia or is
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 36:06
| developing uh an infection these things pick these things up they can listen to you they
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 36:12
| can tell if you're getting depressed they can tell if you're you have early Parkinson's the screen lights up in
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 36:17
| Orange alert and shows which which tissue might be the kidneys alert a lot
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 36:22
| alert and so I'm not monitoring it but I feel comfortable that somebody's paying attention and if I get cancer or can
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 36:29
| have a heart attack I'd Rather somebody know about it that can help me adjust but it can become it can be a habit
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 36:37
| producing I think um it can be a bit of a hobby to monitor yourself I'm guilty
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 36:42
| of that but there's something in between for the average person where Flying Blind medieval style is is really
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 36:49
| not going to ensure a healthy long life and then there's there's me who's science seeing the heck out of myself
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 36:54
| there's something in between where you can forget about it for months and it it's in the background of your life but
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 37:01
| why do that it's not just about the future of life I'm not doing this actually to live longer anyone who's
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 37:07
| seen me drive my car knows that to be true I'm really just very curious about where can we be as a species in the
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 37:13
| future and try to get that future to be earlier so billions of people can live better and the living better is very
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 37:19
| important if we optimize our bodies for glucose levels just that we will have a
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 37:24
| better day I learned by monitoring my glucose that I was eating too often I was getting
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 37:30
| highs and lows and these lows are when you get hangry and you you have this brain fog and then you feel like you
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 37:36
| need a snack and then you eat a snack and you spike your sugar up again and this roller coaster through the day is
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 37:41
| really not pleasant most people live like that they're hungry they eat they're hungry they eat I now have been
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 37:47
| able to figure out how my body responds and I don't feel hungry for most of the day and then I have a really big dinner and I can concentrate much better than
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 37:54
| thinking about food all the time I want you to know that this is exactly the opposite of what Dan buettner told us
|}
=== Diet ===
{| style="padding-top: 1em;"
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 37:59
| last week yeah I'm happy to debate dad because he talked about front loading
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 38:05
| your calorie consumption in the in the day right having uh bigger meals in the morning and in the midday and not eating
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 38:11
| as much in the evening and also I think um many doctors would say that rather
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 38:16
| than having a big meal at the end of the day it actually is better to have
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 38:21
| smaller meals but healthful meals right like maybe what
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 38:27
| I'm not gonna hold myself up as a paragon of healthy eating I'm going to be honest because sometimes when I I
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 38:32
| have a snack I know my glucose levels are shooting up because I'm having a unhealthy snack but but what you're what
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 38:39
| you're saying though is actually seems a little contrary to what a lot of
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 38:45
| the the medical advice that that people are getting yeah I agree I think the the
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 38:51
| idea that we should be nibbling on food the whole day is wrong for Longevity if your goal is
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 38:59
| is to never be hungry uh then that's fine but my goal and I hope many viewers that you can spend your 80s and 90s
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 39:06
| playing tennis or hiking whatever you want to do if that's your goal eating three full meals a day with snacks is
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 39:12
| not going to get you there most likely the science says and I'm always based on science not on what I want I would love
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 39:19
| to eat three meals a day but the science says that in animals and increasingly in human studies
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 39:25
| having a a window of eating is better it
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 39:30
| doesn't it doesn't have to be at night I just like to eat at night no I don't feel hungry in the morning but some people like morning so even late night
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 39:36
| but it's that that gap of about 18 hours where the body isn't in a Fed state that
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 39:41
| go the body goes into this fasted state that turns on these longevity genes to protect us now that doesn't mean you
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 39:47
| have to be Draconian about it you're allowed to have a little bit of food I nibble on chocolate and nuts and I'm not always
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 39:55
| without food uh but try to put your meals into a smaller amount of time per
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 40:01
| day and that I think is the best thing we know about scientifically no the the clarification is important so you're
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 40:07
| talking about a window and also a caloric restriction oh right well not so much actually you know it's when you eat
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 40:13
| not so much how much not how much yeah it was a really good experiment by Rafael De Cabo NIH okay he gave mice
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 40:20
| three different diets lots of fat and carbs and protein and he was thinking he'd figure out what is the best
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 40:26
| combination of all those things and it turns out it didn't matter what the mouse ate it was when they ate and if he
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 40:32
| crammed the period where he gave them the food into an hour per day they lived 30 longer no matter what they were
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 40:38
| eating and to me that was that convinced me that we should focus more on on when we eat yeah but what you eat is also
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 40:45
| very important of course and that combination I think is the is the key you wanted to debate Dan buettner okay
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 40:51
| that's interesting we should have done that um for the next time
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 40:56
| for the record we tried Steven our producer tried to do try to make that happen I'm sorry you couldn't make it
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 41:02
| happen I will say that what what Dan says about the types of food to eat uh and the blues the plant-based is
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 41:07
| completely congruent with what my research says okay what would you debate him on though or
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 41:14
| or what what are the what what does he say that you find debatable well we we have we have a lot of we have
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 41:21
| a lot more in common than we have about I think we could debate whether it's uh it's more fun to eat in the morning or night
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 41:29
| I think you'd find a pretty boring argument because we're both in sync on uh being plant-based uh eating plants
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 41:37
| that are full of what are called polyphenols and plant molecules that that turn on the body's defenses so yeah
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 41:44
| I don't think it's uh it's worth us debating though um no okay I think I
|}
=== Cold therapy ===
{| style="padding-top: 1em;"
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 41:51
| think it's definitely worth it but um a couple other things that you have talked about for for many years which are
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 41:57
| becoming more commonplace so uh we talked about bio monitoring essentially
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 42:04
| the sort of keep restricting the or finding that window of time to eat
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 42:10
| I want to call it fasting is that just different than the the window of time that you were just talking about it's
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 42:17
| also known as fasting okay well um now but I'm finding in this conversation
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 42:22
| getting clear definitions of uh of the ideas that we're talking about is quite
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 42:27
| important cold therapy meaning while you can expose your skin to brief
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 42:36
| bouts of very cold temperature four degrees Celsius cold water bath with ice in it people typically do for three
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 42:43
| minutes or so what about it
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 42:50
| is there evidence that it has a positive effect on lifespan
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 42:56
| not in humans in animals if you chill them like mice they will live longer
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 43:02
| um somebody did a study and found out the hard way that if you put them individually they don't live as long as
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 43:08
| if no they live longer as individuals than with someone that keeps them warm
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 43:14
| so but being humans not well well known but what is known about humans is that we have surprisingly we have what's
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 43:20
| called Brown fat which is was thought to only exist in newborns so newborns don't
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 43:25
| shiver they have brown fat and that generates the Heat and it was thought there was just babies that have that but
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 43:31
| we are brown fat it's found largely on our backs and when we're cold when we
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 43:36
| expose our skin to cold it revs up that fat and can actually turn white fat into beige fat which is brownish and that's
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 43:43
| very healthy fat that's the kind of fat that you want it's highly metabolic and
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 43:48
| it seems to secrete these factors that circulate through our bodies that improves metabolism
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 43:53
| so how many of the things um or the the lifestyle changes that
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 43:59
| your your research seems to indicate might uh increase longevity how many of these
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 44:05
| things do you practice in your life most of them um such as
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 44:11
| uh well so I I try to eat really well I was and still inspired by my partner
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 44:18
| who's a a chef and a nutritionist uh Serena poon and so about
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 44:24
| 12 months ago maybe 15 uh she came into my kitchen and threw out most of the
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 44:30
| food and we started from scratch and I used to be on a Mediterranean diet with a focus on red wine and cheese I thought
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 44:36
| that would be very healthy turns out Serena says that's not true uh and it actually turns out to be to be true
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 44:43
| because after I changed my diet to be plant focused and eating a lot of fresh food and limiting the dairy and cutting
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 44:51
| out alcohol my blood biomarkers that indicate my health and age have improved dramatically hmm
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 44:58
| you know so Dr Sinclair I have to say uh in in Reading looking at your book and
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 45:05
| reading what I could about your research that's been published Etc there are many people who would who say that the the
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 45:12
| science that you're doing at the bench is phenomenal right it's really pushing the
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 45:19
| bounds of what we know and understand about the human body
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 45:24
| um some of those folks who I will note wouldn't give their names have also been
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 45:29
| quoted in articles about you as they wish you
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 45:35
| would just stick to the science and not talk about aging or longevity in the way that you
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 45:42
| do saying that we could live past 150 so even tonight you said even it could be
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 45:48
| even be longer than that saying that we can basically stop stop aging what's
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 45:54
| your response to that I think Everyone's entitled to their own
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 46:00
| opinion and and in fact speak for themselves and I stick to the facts though I think I
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 46:05
| should be able to uh project in my opinion what the future looks like and I also I like to
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 46:12
| communicate I think that our research mostly is paid by taxpayers and
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 46:17
| taxpayers have a right to know what we're doing and also have someone who is in the field to interpret what the field
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 46:24
| is doing because most people don't have access to the world's scientific literature each paper costs them 40
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 46:30
| bucks that's crazy uh and then even if they read the paper it's very hard to understand because we like scientists
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 46:36
| like to use jargon intentionally to obscure themes and uh and it's not right and so I
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 46:42
| I think that anyone who criticizes me is welcome to that opinion but I disagree I
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 46:49
| think more scientists should be out there talking about their research and trying to explain it in a way that is
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 46:54
| not only factual and understandable but also inspirational to get the next generation of scientists to get excited
|}
=== Resveratrol controversy ===
{| style="padding-top: 1em;"
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 47:00
| too yeah no I look I I completely agree with you on the importance of inspirational
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 47:06
| and accurate scientific communication to the public without a doubt
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 47:11
| um but some of the concerns that I've uh I understand that that people have about
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 47:17
| your interactions um with the public I'll just give you an example
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 47:22
| um you know this one very well that in what was it in 2006 right I I I'm gonna
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 47:30
| give the background to folks and then I just would love to hear you tell us sort of where we are with this
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 47:35
| um controversy I guess that in 2006 you had this groundbreaking research on uh
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 47:40
| Resveratrol um that I believe is a molecule found in red wine
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 47:46
| and did a lot of interviews because of course it was fascinating science and it captured the interests of of the general
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 47:52
| public including um an interview on 60 Minutes where you said uh that we could expect a a pill in
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 48:00
| five years time that would essentially um you know be a a Resveratrol pill and
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 48:06
| you also talked to another reporter who said that uh Resveratrol was as close to
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 48:11
| miraculous molecule as you could find but a few years later other scientists and two Pharma companies uh couldn't rep
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 48:19
| replicate your results but then you you there was another paper that was
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 48:24
| published in 2013 that verified your results so I'm just wondering where is
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 48:30
| the has that been resolved yet about whether or not Resveratrol was the
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 48:35
| miracle molecule that you said it would be uh yeah it it turns out science is
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 48:41
| difficult making drugs is difficult and so while I was saying if all goes well we'll have a drug in five years
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 48:46
| I was overly optimistic I didn't realize how difficult it is to make a drug
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 48:52
| um I did though say there's no guarantee and and it came up against number of headwinds uh one of which was this
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 48:59
| debate that came up in the Pharma world I was trapped between two pharmaceutical companies at the time it was GSK who had
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 49:05
| purchased my in our Labs intellectual property um and then Pfizer who is challenging
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 49:11
| that and you know it's not that much fun being sandwiched between two of the largest companies in the world debating
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 49:16
| your work uh but what what ended up happening was uh the Pfizer scientists
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 49:22
| who said that the theory and the mechanism was wrong uh actually it turns out it was a good
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 49:28
| thing because we were forced to go back to the lab and hunker down and and test
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 49:34
| where we write or were we not and it was about how the molecule actually works on the enzyme to the atomic level so we're
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 49:40
| talking about real details here um and we did the work and to it was three years later we published a paper
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 49:46
| in science 2013 uh showing evidence that we were right
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 49:52
| uh and we've since been validated so the controversy over that setback has been
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 49:58
| okay so you know we've shown that the original Discovery was true
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 50:03
| um and that Pfizer was wrong so that's all good but unfortunately along the way that that controversy led to doubts
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 50:10
| about the drugs and even though we had positive data in a a phase two study in
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 50:17
| psoriasis the skin condition with molecules that were like Resveratrol even better a thousand times more potent
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 50:23
| the program was abandoned because I think because of the politics that happened so unfortunately that died on
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 50:30
| the vine but there are lots of other companies that I've been involved with and started that are keeping that flame
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 50:37
| well and truly alive so so to help again to clarify um
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 50:42
| yeah politics can actually undermine research for sure but it was your lab that was able to to you went back and
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 50:50
| looked at it and verified the results again at the atomic level in that 2013 paper you're talking about right did I
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 50:55
| hear that correctly that that was right yeah has any other lab thereafter been able to do that you're
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 51:01
| suggesting I'm suggesting that I just want to know
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 51:06
| yeah yeah it's it's been well and truly validated by others that have done
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 51:12
| Crystal structures and it's all good um and we have a paper that we're working on now where we've changed a
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 51:17
| mouse to at the atomic level so that they don't uh respond to the red wine
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 51:23
| molecule uh just by making that one amino acid change in the Target enzyme and uh and they don't live longer they
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 51:30
| don't run further on a treadmill and that'll be the punctuation mark on that story of my career
|}
=== Immortality ===
{| style="padding-top: 1em;"
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 51:40
| um move to some audience questions here because we've got several good ones someone wants to know is immortality
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 51:47
| biologically possible yeah I think we're only constrained by
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 51:53
| our imagination um you said uh that aging is inevitable
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 51:58
| the last line of my book is nothing is inevitable even aging and so I I believe
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 52:05
| there is nothing that stops US from being long-lived I'm not going to say Immortal
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 52:12
| because it that's really quite an extreme but there is something in between where we can live
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 52:18
| over a hundred and still have a vibrant life and be productive members of society that is definitely within reach
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 52:25
| um perhaps even within our lifetimes yeah someone uh else wants to know how do you suggest we
|}
=== Prevention ===
{| style="padding-top: 1em;"
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 52:32
| can keep people from misusing this advancement in science and technology and and I'll add um a little Coda to
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 52:38
| that um what can we do to prevent these these advancements from
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 52:47
| just further exacerbating inequalities that we already have because I feel like
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 52:53
| oftentimes this kind of Cutting Edge science in its first iterations
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 52:59
| really goes to the benefit of of a small few well the good news is that the kind of
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 53:05
| changes that we know can help with longevity and health actually save money you know eat eating
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 53:11
| quality vegetables uh and less often or at least in a window
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 53:17
| that's an easy change to make for most of us not everyone has access to really healthy food but most of us do exercise
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 53:23
| that's relatively free um so it these things these little
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 53:28
| changes are available now if you if you want to talk about gene therapy yeah these Technologies do start out expense
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 53:35
| in the same way that to fly in the first airplanes was expensive um and prices have come down a little
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 53:41
| bit uh but uh you know all Technologies think about how much it costs to have a flat screen TV 20 years ago this is the
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 53:49
| normal course of of human advancement and it's it's okay initially that the prices
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 53:56
| are high as long as you can rapidly get them down and my goal in developing drugs is to get the price down as fast
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 54:03
| as possible so one of the companies that I co-founded that's here called metrobiotech is making a a drug that
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 54:10
| really shouldn't cost that much it like a drug called metformin which is a potential anti-aging longevity drug it
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 54:17
| should cost only a dollar per day if that to produce such I'm hoping that
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 54:23
| once things once drugs are made and to be cheaply made and even eventually will
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 54:29
| of course go off patterned they will be as cheap as aspirin and available to everybody on the planet
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 54:36
| there are already 8 billion humans on the planet um
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 54:41
| if if let's say we do achieve a future in the near future where where the human
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 54:48
| lifespan is 150 if not more years I don't I can't say that I know how that
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 54:53
| would impact population growth rates but do you think that even like our economies could support
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 55:00
| um could support that we have to do something about aging the economies cannot afford not to tackle
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 55:07
| age out we are now in a world where population is declining across a lot of
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 55:12
| the world there are a few Pockets hot spots of population growth but we're going to top out at 10 billion people and start to
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 55:19
| decline already we're in a really bad place in um in the US we're already
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 55:25
| declining in in fertility places like Japan Italy China they're going to face
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 55:31
| an economic crisis uh within about a decade if they don't do something about it and Elon Musk has talked about this
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 55:37
| so I won't believe at that point but what's really often misunderstood is that by allowing people to live
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 55:44
| healthier longer lives it's a huge saving for the economy I was fortunate
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 55:50
| to team up with a couple of economists in London and we calculated that just extending lifespan healthy lifespan by a year in
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 55:57
| the U.S would save 86 trillion dollars in the long run and if you save lives
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 56:04
| for 10 years it's 365 trillion these are Big Numbers these These are dollars that
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 56:09
| could be put towards improving education and tackling climate change yeah you
|}
=== Healthy Lifespan ===
{| style="padding-top: 1em;"
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 56:15
| know I have to say deeply appreciate the specificity with you with which you said healthy lifespans right because it's not
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 56:21
| just living longer what good does it do us if we live longer but we're still experiencing many years of ill of ill
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 56:28
| health but um I'm out of time here but I have one last question for you though
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 56:34
| near the beginning of our conversation um you said something which has really
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 56:40
| stuck with me you said that aging is the worst thing that could
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 56:45
| happen to us um and I'm still also thinking about the
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 56:51
| the Deep feeling that you have about having lost your your grandmother right
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 56:57
| I mean like people we love when we lose them it stays with us uh
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 57:02
| in reading about your research and reading your book and reading how you approach
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 57:08
| um your life's work there's something of the Peter Pan about you
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 57:13
| and I and I don't mean that in a derogatory way I mean that like you're
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 57:20
| uh there's a there's a dream that you have
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 57:25
| and can you how how do you respond to that
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 57:33
| uh I don't think there's anything wrong with that yeah uh no not with the dream
|}
=== Dying is not pleasant ===
{| style="padding-top: 1em;"
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 57:39
| but it's it's almost like it's taking you um
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 57:44
| you're a mat you're imagining a world which I I do have to say is uh both
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 57:50
| exciting and I'm not actually sure I want to be a part of well that No One's Gonna Force you be
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 57:58
| part of it but I guarantee when you start to feel the effects of old age you are gonna call me
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 58:03
| [Laughter] um we often forget that the person 20 30
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 58:10
| years from now is is us right we think of that as someone else that's that's old me who cares but it is us you know
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 58:18
| I'm now 53 and I'm still the same person I was when I was 20 and I wish I could tell my 20 year old self to eat better
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 58:25
| and exercise more and that's going to happen to all of us all of us will die
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 58:31
| unless one of my students has a real breakthrough but uh most likely we're all going to die and it's not going to
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 58:36
| be pleasant we have to admit that dying is not pleasant I've seen now two people
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 58:42
| die my mother died really not a very pleasant way uh in
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 58:47
| front of the family and I was thinking why doesn't anyone tell you about this why do we talk about
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 58:54
| what it's like to die um and if if we don't fight against something like that
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 58:59
| what what are we fighting for really I disagree I do no I do and and again
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 59:05
| this is not I'm not taking issue with your science there's something very Western about hearing someone say dying is not
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 59:12
| pleasant because there are other cultures and traditions in humanity that
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 59:18
| seed dying as yet another phase of life and for people I would say dying is not
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 59:25
| pleasant in American hospitals for sure but that doesn't have to be how we die
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 59:32
| well you've had illness and also dying for this for those who are left behind
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 59:37
| it is not pleasant the tragedy of the loss is not pleasant but we don't
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 59:43
| necessarily know for those people who had the kind of death that they want if that wasn't pleasant for them
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 59:51
| well definitely wasn't pleasant my mother who suffocated to death in front of us now if I could have granted my
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 59:58
| mother an extra 20 years of life healthy even an extra year of life I would have done so and you've had
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 1:00:04
| sickness and illness and death in your family what would you have done to make that less painful or even have an extra
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 1:00:12
| year or two with your loved one no I you know what I'm I'm pushing you so I I'll I will engage with you on this question
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 1:00:18
| because it's only fair that you asked me my father so my my mother has peritoneal cancer
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 1:00:25
| she's 77. uh she was very very healthy until this summer uh was diagnosed with
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 1:00:32
| the cancer and was actually doing fine um until she had surgery she had surgery again I would say it's a hospital system
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 1:00:39
| that was the problem not necessarily her cancer um anyway she was in the ICU for several
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 1:00:45
| weeks she's actually doing much much better now my father who was extremely healthy
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 1:00:53
| um had high blood pressure so not per not in perfect health but had high blood pressure almost 80. the stress
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 1:00:58
| of watching his wife of 52 years suffer the way she did in the ICU just two days
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 1:01:05
| before she was released from the hospital my father was in my mother's
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 1:01:11
| hospital room and he had a heart attack and died
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 1:01:16
| so so and he died within 12 hours I mean he was actually at the hospital so they
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 1:01:22
| came to him within one minute went to the ER he had he had surgery they put three stents in they still couldn't
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 1:01:28
| support his blood pressure because we knew what his wishes were he did not wish to be to have prolonged
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 1:01:35
| life support so we we had to make the decision we did but I give that as background because you asked a question
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 1:01:40
| you asked me a question what would I want for my father because he's the one who passed away
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 1:01:46
| the way he died is exactly how he would have wanted to die because it was quick to your point he
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 1:01:53
| didn't suffer for a long time I being the person one of the people left behind I just want him to be a live
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 1:01:58
| longer right like I'd love him to be alive but I actually think that those are two different things
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 1:02:06
| what would he have wanted if you said I could give you something to be with us another 20 years of healthy life what
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 1:02:11
| would he have said well if of course he would he would have said yes yeah so if I had a medicine that you
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 1:02:16
| could give your give to your father and it would reverse his heart disease and by the way I should have said I'm very sorry that's okay don't worry it's fine
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 1:02:23
| it's terrible he's with me yeah I'm sure so then the question to you is would you
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 1:02:31
| deny your father that oh well no no I'm I'm not in the business of saying that people should or
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 1:02:36
| you know shouldn't because he he like you said he I can I should
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 1:02:41
| make my decisions he he should make his I'm not sure knowing him I'm not sure he would have wanted to though
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 1:02:47
| so well you know I I can only guess now here's what I've noticed about uh being
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 1:02:53
| in this in this business for a while is that a lot of people I talk to say I don't want to grow old so shoot me
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 1:03:01
| when I'm 80. there's someone a doctor who even says that prominent doctor my father's now 83 and I think he would
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 1:03:07
| disagree with that sentiment and he has no aches pains diseases he doesn't even need glasses for driving at night in a
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 1:03:14
| car and he's been doing the kind of things that I talk about now we don't know if that's the reason he's living
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 1:03:19
| longer and being healthy we do know that most of the men his age are already in
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 1:03:24
| the ground um he's a Beacon of Hope for all of us that we can adjust our lives to be able
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 1:03:30
| to be to thrive in our 80s and Beyond and I know that he is grateful to have
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 1:03:36
| stuck around even beyond what my mother how long my mother lasted and he's getting to see his great grandkids sorry
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 1:03:42
| he's uh his grandkids now go to college and maybe he will see his great-grandkids as well and that's um
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 1:03:49
| that's the life that I think most people should at least have the choice to have I think that you don't have to opt in
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 1:03:55
| but uh the way life is right now where we can get sick in our 50s like my mother and suffer for 20 years that's
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 1:04:03
| not a life well lived my grandmother also was sick you know for 10 years I look forward to a time when we can
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 1:04:09
| choose when we want to die and how we want to die and it hopefully will be as quick and painless for everybody as
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 1:04:15
| possible and I think that tackling aging is the best way to get us into that future rather than addressing the symptoms of
|-
| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 1:04:22
| Aging which is really just putting Band-Aids on a solution and really causing long-term suffering for many
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| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 1:04:27
| people well Dr Sinclair I really want to give you my deepest thanks for sharing your
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| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 1:04:33
| research with us and for yeah for for going there with me tonight
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| style="min-width:4em; color: grey; text-align: right; padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;" | 1:04:40
| thank you so very much for for being here with me thank you
|}
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