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Hallmarks of Aging: Difference between revisions
→Overview
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{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
!# | |||
! Hallmark | ! Hallmark | ||
! Description | ! Description | ||
! | ! | ||
|- | |- | ||
|1 | |||
| '''Genomic Instability''' | | '''Genomic Instability''' | ||
| Accumulation of DNA damage over time leading to cellular dysfunction. | | Accumulation of DNA damage over time leading to cellular dysfunction. | ||
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(causes damage) | (causes damage) | ||
|- | |- | ||
|2 | |||
| '''Telomere Attrition''' | | '''Telomere Attrition''' | ||
| Reduction in the length of telomeres leading to cellular aging. | | Reduction in the length of telomeres leading to cellular aging. | ||
|- | |- | ||
|3 | |||
| '''Epigenetic Alterations''' | | '''Epigenetic Alterations''' | ||
| Changes in DNA methylation and histone modification affecting gene expression. | | Changes in DNA methylation and histone modification affecting gene expression. | ||
|- | |- | ||
|4 | |||
| '''Loss of Proteostasis''' | | '''Loss of Proteostasis''' | ||
| Disruption in protein folding and stability leading to cell damage. | | Disruption in protein folding and stability leading to cell damage. | ||
|- | |- | ||
|5 | |||
| '''Deregulated Nutrient Sensing''' | | '''Deregulated Nutrient Sensing''' | ||
| Alterations in nutrient sensing pathways affecting metabolism and aging. | | Alterations in nutrient sensing pathways affecting metabolism and aging. | ||
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(responses to damage) | (responses to damage) | ||
|- | |- | ||
|6 | |||
| '''Mitochondrial Dysfunction''' | | '''Mitochondrial Dysfunction''' | ||
| Decrease in mitochondrial efficiency and increase in oxidative stress. | | Decrease in mitochondrial efficiency and increase in oxidative stress. | ||
|- | |- | ||
|7 | |||
| [[Senescent Cells|'''Cellular Senescence''']] | | [[Senescent Cells|'''Cellular Senescence''']] | ||
| Accumulation of non-dividing, dysfunctional cells secreting harmful factors. | | Accumulation of non-dividing, dysfunctional cells secreting harmful factors. | ||
|- | |- | ||
|8 | |||
| '''Stem Cell Exhaustion''' | | '''Stem Cell Exhaustion''' | ||
| Decline in the regenerative capacity of stem cells affecting tissue repair. | | Decline in the regenerative capacity of stem cells affecting tissue repair. | ||
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(culprits of the phenotype) | (culprits of the phenotype) | ||
|- | |- | ||
|9 | |||
| '''Altered Intercellular Communication''' | | '''Altered Intercellular Communication''' | ||
| Changes in cellular communication leading to inflammation and tissue dysfunction. | | Changes in cellular communication leading to inflammation and tissue dysfunction. | ||
|- | |- | ||
|10 | |||
|'''Compromised Autophagy''' | |'''Compromised Autophagy''' | ||
|Impaired cellular maintenance through the consumption of own components. | |Impaired cellular maintenance through the consumption of own components. | ||
| rowspan="5" |'''Proposed New Hallmarks''' | | rowspan="5" |'''Proposed New Hallmarks''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
|11 | |||
|'''Splicing Dysregulation''' | |'''Splicing Dysregulation''' | ||
|Impaired RNA construction from DNA, leading to cellular dysfunction. | |Impaired RNA construction from DNA, leading to cellular dysfunction. | ||
|- | |- | ||
|12 | |||
|'''Microbiome Disturbance''' | |'''Microbiome Disturbance''' | ||
|Changes in gut microbiome affecting health and aging. | |Changes in gut microbiome affecting health and aging. | ||
|- | |- | ||
|13 | |||
|'''Altered Mechanical Properties''' | |'''Altered Mechanical Properties''' | ||
|Changes in cellular and extracellular structure affecting tissue function. | |Changes in cellular and extracellular structure affecting tissue function. | ||
|- | |- | ||
|14 | |||
|'''Inflammation (Inflammaging)''' | |'''Inflammation (Inflammaging)''' | ||
|Systemic inflammation contributing to aging and related diseases. | |Systemic inflammation contributing to aging and related diseases. | ||