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* The calculation of KDM is complicated{{pmid|20005245}}
* The calculation of KDM is complicated{{pmid|20005245}}
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=== Used Biomarkers ===
Comparisons of aging biomarkers among MLR, PCA, Hochschild’s method, and KDM
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="1" rowspan="1" |Organ system
! colspan="1" rowspan="1" |PCA
! colspan="1" rowspan="1" |MLR
! colspan="1" rowspan="1" |Hochschild’s
! colspan="1" rowspan="1" |KDM
|-
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |Cardiovascular system
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |<nowiki>Pulse pressure{{pmid|19940465}}{{pmid|24659482}}{{pmid|29188884}}</nowiki>
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |
|-
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |<nowiki>Systolic blood pressure{{pmid|2737197}}{{pmid|2282902}}{{pmid|17921421}}{{pmid|18597867}}{{pmid|12672981}}{{pmid|18840798}}{{pmid|8803500}}{{pmid|28110151}}</nowiki>
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |<nowiki>Systolic blood pressure{{pmid|23213031}}{{pmid|6967883}}{{pmid|5841151}}{{pmid|950448}}{{pmid|28110151}}</nowiki>
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |<nowiki>Systolic blood pressure{{pmid|28110151}}</nowiki>
|-
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |<nowiki>Heart rate{{pmid|2737197}}{{pmid|2282902}}</nowiki>
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |
|-
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |<nowiki>Intima-media thickness{{pmid|19940465}}{{pmid|24522464}}{{pmid|24659482}}</nowiki>
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |
|-
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |<nowiki>Maximum internal diameter of carotid artery{{pmid|24522464}}{{pmid|24659482}}</nowiki>
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |
|-
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |<nowiki>End diastolic velocity{{pmid|19940465}}</nowiki>
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |
|-
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |<nowiki>Mitral valve annulus ventricular septum of the peak velocity of early filling{{pmid|24522464}}</nowiki>
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |
|-
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |<nowiki>Mitral valve annulus lateral wall of peak velocity of early filling{{pmid|19940465}}</nowiki>
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |
|-
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |<nowiki>Mitral annulus peak E anterior wall{{pmid|24659482}}</nowiki>
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |
|-
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |<nowiki>Ratio of peak velocity of early filling to atrial filling{{pmid|19940465}}</nowiki>
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |
|-
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |
|-
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |Respiratory system
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |<nowiki>VO2 max{{pmid|22433233}}{{pmid|18597867}}</nowiki>
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |
|-
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |<nowiki>Forced expiratory volume in 1 second{{pmid|22433233}}{{pmid|17921421}}{{pmid|18597867}}{{pmid|12672981}}{{pmid|18840798}}</nowiki>
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |<nowiki>Forced expiratory volume in 1 second{{pmid|23213031}}{{pmid|6967883}}{{pmid|28110151}}</nowiki>
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |<nowiki>Forced expiratory volume in 1 second{{pmid|2583248}}</nowiki>
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |<nowiki>Forced expiratory volume in 1 second{{pmid|28110151}}</nowiki>
|-
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |<nowiki>Forced vital capacity{{pmid|2737197}}{{pmid|2282902}}{{pmid|8803500}}</nowiki>
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |<nowiki>Forced vital capacity{{pmid|20005245}}</nowiki>
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |<nowiki>Forced vital capacity{{pmid|2583248}}</nowiki>
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |
|-
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |<nowiki>Maximal mid expiratory flow rate 75/25{{pmid|24522464}}</nowiki>
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |<nowiki>Vital capacity{{pmid|5841151}}</nowiki>
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |
|-
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |Nervous system
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |<nowiki>Trail making test{{pmid|24522464}}{{pmid|29188884}}</nowiki>
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |
|-
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |<nowiki>Digital symbol test{{pmid|20005245}}{{pmid|24659482}}</nowiki>
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |<nowiki>Digital symbol test{{pmid|20005245}}</nowiki>
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |
|-
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |<nowiki>Memory test linking names with faces{{pmid|20005245}}</nowiki>
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |<nowiki>Memory test linking names with faces{{pmid|20005245}}</nowiki>
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |
|-
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |<nowiki>Memory test: which picture is at what place{{pmid|20005245}}</nowiki>
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |<nowiki>Memory test: which picture is at what place{{pmid|20005245}}</nowiki>
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |
|-
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |<nowiki>Speed test: pointing icons from 1 to 15 sequentially, mixed in random positions{{pmid|20005245}}</nowiki>
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |
|-
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |<nowiki>Visual reaction time{{pmid|20005245}}{{pmid|22433233}}</nowiki>
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |<nowiki>Visual reaction time{{pmid|2583248}}</nowiki>
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |
|-
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |<nowiki>Sequence of lamps{{pmid|2583248}}</nowiki>
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |
|-
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |<nowiki>Alternate button tapping time with/without decision{{pmid|2583248}}</nowiki>
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |
|-
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |<nowiki>Movement time with/without decision{{pmid|2583248}}</nowiki>
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |
|-
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |Renal system
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |<nowiki>Blood urea nitrogen{{pmid|2737197}}{{pmid|2282902}}{{pmid|17921421}}{{pmid|18597867}}{{pmid|29380856}}{{pmid|18840798}}{{pmid|8803500}}</nowiki>
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |<nowiki>Blood urea nitrogen{{pmid|23213031}}{{pmid|6967883}}{{pmid|28110151}}</nowiki>
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |<nowiki>Blood urea nitrogen{{pmid|28110151}}</nowiki>
|-
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |<nowiki>Serum creatinine{{pmid|28110151}}</nowiki>
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |<nowiki>Serum creatinine{{pmid|28110151}}</nowiki>
|-
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |<nowiki>Cystatin C{{pmid|19940465}}{{pmid|24522464}}{{pmid|24659482}}{{pmid|29188884}}</nowiki>
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |
|-
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |Liver
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |<nowiki>Serum albumin{{pmid|17921421}}{{pmid|18597867}}{{pmid|29380856}}{{pmid|18840798}}</nowiki>
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |<nowiki>Serum albumin{{pmid|950448}}</nowiki>
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |
|-
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |<nowiki>Glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase{{pmid|2737197}}{{pmid|2282902}}</nowiki>
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |<nowiki>Glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase{{pmid|28110151}}</nowiki>
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |<nowiki>Glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase{{pmid|28110151}}</nowiki>
|-
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |<nowiki>Glutamic pyruvic transaminase{{pmid|8803500}}</nowiki>
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |
|-
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |<nowiki>Ratio of albumin to globulin{{pmid|12672981}}</nowiki>
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |
|-
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |<nowiki>Lactate dehydrogenase{{pmid|2737197}}{{pmid|2282902}}{{pmid|8803500}}</nowiki>
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |
|-
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |<nowiki>Serum globulin{{pmid|950448}}</nowiki>
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |
|-
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |<nowiki>Alkaline phosphatase{{pmid|950448}}</nowiki>
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |
|-
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |Hematologic system
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |<nowiki>Erythrocyte sedimentation rate{{pmid|18597867}}</nowiki>
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |<nowiki>Erythrocyte sedimentation rate{{pmid|950448}}</nowiki>
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |
|-
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |<nowiki>Mean corpuscular hemoglobin{{pmid|12672981}}</nowiki>
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |
|-
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |<nowiki>Red blood cell count{{pmid|18840798}}</nowiki>
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |
|-
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |<nowiki>Hematocrit{{pmid|17921421}}</nowiki>
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |
|-
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |<nowiki>Hemoglobin concentration{{pmid|2737197}}{{pmid|2282902}}</nowiki>
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |
|-
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |<nowiki>Fibrinogen{{pmid|19940465}}</nowiki>
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |
|-
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |<nowiki>Ferratin{{pmid|28110151}}</nowiki>
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |<nowiki>Ferratin{{pmid|28110151}}</nowiki>
|-
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |Metabolism
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |<nowiki>Glycosylated hemoglobin{{pmid|18597867}}</nowiki>
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |
|-
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |<nowiki>Glucose{{pmid|12672981}}{{pmid|8803500}}</nowiki>
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |<nowiki>Glucose{{pmid|950448}}</nowiki>
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |
|-
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |<nowiki>Low-density cholesterol{{pmid|18597867}}</nowiki>
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |
|-
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |<nowiki>Atherogenic index{{pmid|2737197}}{{pmid|2282902}}</nowiki>
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |
|-
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |<nowiki>Triglyceride{{pmid|2282902}}</nowiki>
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |<nowiki>Triglycerides{{pmid|6967883}}</nowiki>
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |
|-
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |<nowiki>Total cholesterol{{pmid|8803500}}</nowiki>
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |<nowiki>Total cholesterol{{pmid|23213031}}{{pmid|6967883}}{{pmid|5841151}}{{pmid|28110151}}</nowiki>
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |<nowiki>Total cholesterol{{pmid|28110151}}</nowiki>
|-
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |Muscle and fat
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |<nowiki>Grip strength{{pmid|20005245}}{{pmid|22433233}}</nowiki>
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |<nowiki>Grip strength{{pmid|20005245}}{{pmid|5841151}}</nowiki>
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |
|-
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |<nowiki>Soft lean mass{{pmid|22433233}}</nowiki>
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |
|-
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |<nowiki>Waist circumference{{pmid|22433233}}{{pmid|18597867}}</nowiki>
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |<nowiki>Waist circumference{{pmid|28110151}}</nowiki>
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |<nowiki>Waist circumference{{pmid|28110151}}</nowiki>
|-
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |<nowiki>Percent body fat{{pmid|18597867}}</nowiki>
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |
|-
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |Sensory system
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |<nowiki>Hearing threshold{{pmid|18597867}}</nowiki>
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |
|-
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |<nowiki>Highest audible pitch{{pmid|20005245}}</nowiki>
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |<nowiki>Highest audible pitch{{pmid|20005245}}</nowiki>
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |<nowiki>Highest audible pitch{{pmid|2583248}}</nowiki>
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |
|-
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |<nowiki>Light extinction test{{pmid|5841151}}</nowiki>
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |
|-
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |<nowiki>Visual acuity{{pmid|5841151}}</nowiki>
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |
|-
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |<nowiki>Auditory function{{pmid|5841151}}</nowiki>
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |
|-
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |<nowiki>Vibrotactile sensitivity{{pmid|5841151}}</nowiki>
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |<nowiki>Vibrotactile sensitivity{{pmid|2583248}}</nowiki>
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |
|-
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |<nowiki>Auditory reaction time{{pmid|20005245}}</nowiki>
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |<nowiki>Auditory reaction time{{pmid|2583248}}</nowiki>
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |
|-
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |<nowiki>Focal range test using a Landolt ring{{pmid|20005245}}</nowiki>
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |<nowiki>Visual accommodation{{pmid|2583248}}</nowiki>
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |
|-
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |Genetic index
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |<nowiki>Telomere restriction fragment{{pmid|24659482}}</nowiki>
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |
|}
|}


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