Trimethylglycine (TMG): Difference between revisions

Trimethylglycine (TMG) (view source)

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 Although trimethylglycine supplementation decreases the amount of [[wikipedia:Adipose_tissue|adipose tissue]] in pigs, research on human subjects has shown no effect on body weight, body composition, or resting energy expenditure when used in conjunction with a low calorie diet.<ref name="pmid12399266">{{cite journal|last1=Schwab|volume=76|doi-access=free|doi=10.1093/ajcn/76.5.961|pmid=12399266|date=November 2002|pages=961–967|issue=5|journal=Am. J. Clin. Nutr.|first1=U.|title=Betaine supplementation decreases plasma homocysteine concentrations but does not affect body weight, body composition, or resting energy expenditure in human subjects|display-authors=etal|first3=L.|last3=Toppinen|first2=A.|last2=Törrönen|title-link=doi}}</ref>
-= Protective Effects =
+= Positiv Effects =
-Protective effects of TMG in experimental animal models, cell culture systems, and clinical studies. Removed ADL and MAFLD
+Protective effects of TMG in experimental animal models, cell culture systems, and clinical studies.
 {| class="wikitable"
 ! colspan="1" rowspan="1" |Therapeutic Effects of TMG Administration
@@ Line 10: / Line 10: @@
 ! colspan="1" rowspan="1" |Authors
 |-
-| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |
+| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |Prevents hepatic fat accumulation in ALD
 | colspan="1" rowspan="1" |Male Wistar rats; C57BL/6 mice; Balb/c mice
 | colspan="1" rowspan="1" |[23,27,83,115,121,157,158,160]
 |-
-| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |
+| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |Preserves/restores hepatic SAM: SAH ratios by regenerating SAM and lowering SAH and homocysteine levels in ALD
 | colspan="1" rowspan="1" |Male Wistar rats; hepatocytes; male C57BL/6 mice
 | colspan="1" rowspan="1" |[23,60,61,81,82,83,84,86,88,91,92,117,119,121,234,235]
@@ Line 22: / Line 22: @@
 | colspan="1" rowspan="1" |[23,90,91,92]
 |-
-| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |
+| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |Suppresses the synthesis of DGAT2, a rate-limiting enzyme in triglyceride synthesis, by alleviating ERK1/2 inhibition in ALD
 | colspan="1" rowspan="1" |Male C57BL/6 mice
 | colspan="1" rowspan="1" |[121]
 |-
-| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |
+| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |Upregulates antioxidant defense system and improves oxyradical scavenging activity in ALD
 | colspan="1" rowspan="1" |Male Wistar rats
 | colspan="1" rowspan="1" |[133]
 |-
-| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |
+| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |Prevents/attenuates ER stress in ALD
 | colspan="1" rowspan="1" |Male C57BL/6 mice
 | colspan="1" rowspan="1" |[83]
 |-
-| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |
+| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |Exerts hepatoprotection by preserving mitochondrial function in ALD
 | colspan="1" rowspan="1" |Male Wistar rats
 | colspan="1" rowspan="1" |[61]
 |-
-| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |
+| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |Restores the serum adiponectin levels in ALD
 | colspan="1" rowspan="1" |Mice
 | colspan="1" rowspan="1" |[123]
@@ Line 46: / Line 46: @@
 | colspan="1" rowspan="1" |[115,133]
 |-
-| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |
+| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |Prevents serum ALT and AST activity elevations in models of ALD and MAFLD
 | colspan="1" rowspan="1" |Male Wistar rats
 | colspan="1" rowspan="1" |[27,115,121]
 |-
-| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |
+| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |Reduces liver oxidant stress, inflammation, and apoptosis in MAFLD
 | colspan="1" rowspan="1" |Male C57BL/6 mice
 | colspan="1" rowspan="1" |[28]
 |-
-| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |
+| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |Remethylates homocysteine, protecting from oxidant stress and restoring phosphatidylcholine generation in MAFLD
 | colspan="1" rowspan="1" |C57BL/6 mice
 | colspan="1" rowspan="1" |[161]
 |-
-| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |
+| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |Stimulates β-oxidation in livers of MCD diet-induced MAFLD
 | colspan="1" rowspan="1" |Male Sprague-Dawley rats
 | colspan="1" rowspan="1" |[162]
 |-
-| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |
+| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |Alleviates steatosis and increases autophagosomes numbers in mouse livers with MAFLD
 | colspan="1" rowspan="1" |Male C57BL/6 mice; rats
 | colspan="1" rowspan="1" |[120,161]
 |-
-| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |
+| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |Enhances the conversion of existing WAT to brown adipose tissue through stimulating mitochondrial biogenesis in MAFLD
 | colspan="1" rowspan="1" |Mice
 | colspan="1" rowspan="1" |[203]
 |-
-| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |
+| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |Alleviates ROS-induced mitochondrial respiratory chain dysfunction in MAFLD
 | colspan="1" rowspan="1" |Male Sprague-Dawley rats
 | colspan="1" rowspan="1" |[163].
 |-
-| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |
+| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |Attenuates different grades of steatosis, inflammation, and fibrosis in MAFLD patients
 | colspan="1" rowspan="1" |Human trials
 | colspan="1" rowspan="1" |[45,165,166,167]
 |-
-| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |
+| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |Prevents adipose tissue dysfunction in ALD
 | colspan="1" rowspan="1" |Male C57BL/6 mice
 | colspan="1" rowspan="1" |[194]