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Apigenin: Difference between revisions
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Flavonoid Apigenin Is an Inhibitor of the NAD+ase CD38 <ref>Escande C, Nin V, Price NL, Capellini V, Gomes AP, Barbosa MT, O'Neil L, White TA, Sinclair DA, Chini EN. Flavonoid apigenin is an inhibitor of the NAD+ ase CD38: implications for cellular NAD+ metabolism, protein acetylation, and treatment of metabolic syndrome. Diabetes. 2013 Apr;62(4):1084-93. doi: 10.2337/db12-1139. Epub 2012 Nov 19. PMID: 23172919; PMCID: PMC3609577.</ref> | Flavonoid Apigenin Is an Inhibitor of the NAD+ase CD38 <ref>Escande C, Nin V, Price NL, Capellini V, Gomes AP, Barbosa MT, O'Neil L, White TA, Sinclair DA, Chini EN. Flavonoid apigenin is an inhibitor of the NAD+ ase CD38: implications for cellular NAD+ metabolism, protein acetylation, and treatment of metabolic syndrome. Diabetes. 2013 Apr;62(4):1084-93. doi: 10.2337/db12-1139. Epub 2012 Nov 19. PMID: 23172919; PMCID: PMC3609577.</ref> | ||
[[Apigenin]] is a natural compound known as a flavone, a class of flavonoids. It’s recognized for its promising bioactive properties, notably its potential role in promoting longevity and overall health, by virtue of its influence on cellular functions and its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-cancer properties. | [[Apigenin]] is a natural compound known as a flavone, a class of flavonoids. It’s recognized for its promising bioactive properties, notably its potential role in promoting longevity and overall health, by virtue of its influence on cellular functions and its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-cancer properties. | ||
Apigenin is found abundantly in various plant foods, such as parsley, celery, and chamomile tea. It’s a subject of increasing research interest due to its diverse biological activities and its potential benefits in preventing and managing a range of health conditions, from metabolic disorders to age-related diseases. | Apigenin is found abundantly in various plant foods, such as parsley, celery, and chamomile tea. It’s a subject of increasing research interest due to its diverse biological activities and its potential benefits in preventing and managing a range of health conditions, from metabolic disorders to age-related diseases. | ||
Research on apigenin in the context of longevity focuses primarily on its ability to modulate several cellular pathways related to aging. Apigenin is studied for its potential to inhibit [[CD38]], an enzyme that consumes [[Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide (NAD)|NAD+]], a vital coenzyme in cellular energy metabolism and repair processes. By potentially maintaining or elevating NAD+ levels, apigenin could play a role in delaying the aging process and mitigating age-related declines in cellular function. Additionally, its antioxidative and anti-inflammatory properties contribute to its role in promoting cellular health and longevity. | Research on apigenin in the context of longevity focuses primarily on its ability to modulate several cellular pathways related to aging. Apigenin is studied for its potential to inhibit [[CD38]], an enzyme that consumes [[Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide (NAD)|NAD+]], a vital coenzyme in cellular energy metabolism and repair processes. By potentially maintaining or elevating NAD+ levels, apigenin could play a role in delaying the aging process and mitigating age-related declines in cellular function. Additionally, its antioxidative and anti-inflammatory properties contribute to its role in promoting cellular health and longevity. | ||
= Sources of Apigenin = | == Sources of Apigenin == | ||
Apigenin is predominantly found in a variety of plant foods, contributing to the beneficial effects of a plant-rich diet. It is also available in supplement form, offering a concentrated source for those seeking to leverage its potential health and longevity benefits. | Apigenin is predominantly found in a variety of plant foods, contributing to the beneficial effects of a plant-rich diet. It is also available in supplement form, offering a concentrated source for those seeking to leverage its potential health and longevity benefits. | ||
== Common Foods == | === Common Foods === | ||
Apigenin is | Apigenin is found in many fruits and vegetables, but [[wikipedia:Parsley|parsley]], [[wikipedia:Celery|celery]], [[wikipedia:Celeriac|celeriac]], and [[wikipedia:Chamomile|chamomile]] tea are the most common sources.<ref>[http://medicalxpress.com/news/2013-05-compound-mediterranean-diet-cancer-cells.html The compound in the Mediterranean diet that makes cancer cells 'mortal'] Emily Caldwell, Medical Express, May 20, 2013.</ref> Apigenin is particularly abundant in the flowers of chamomile plants, constituting 68% of total [[wikipedia:Flavonoid|flavonoids]].<ref name="pmid26487830">{{cite journal|vauthors=Venigalla M, Gyengesi E, Münch G|title=Curcumin and Apigenin - novel and promising therapeutics against chronic neuroinflammation in Alzheimer's disease|journal=Neural Regeneration Research|volume=10|issue=8|pages=1181–5|date=August 2015|pmid=26487830|pmc=4590215|doi=10.4103/1673-5374.162686|doi-access=free}}</ref> Dried parsley can contain about 45 [[wikipedia:Kilogram#SI_multiples|mg]] apigenin/gram of the herb, and dried chamomile flower about 3-5 mg/gram.<ref name="pmid29399439">{{cite journal|vauthors=Shankar E, Goel A, Gupta K, Gupta S|title=Plant flavone apigenin: An emerging anticancer agent|journal=[[Current Pharmacology Reports]]|volume=3|issue=6|pages=423–446|year=2017|doi=10.1007/s40495-017-0113-2|pmc=5791748|pmid=29399439}}</ref> The apigenin content of fresh parsley is reportedly 215.5 mg/100 grams, which is much higher than the next highest food source, green celery hearts providing 19.1 mg/100 grams. <ref name="lpi-flav">{{cite web|last=Delage, PhD|first=Barbara|title=Flavonoids|url=http://lpi.oregonstate.edu/mic/dietary-factors/phytochemicals/flavonoids|publisher=[[Linus Pauling Institute]], Oregon State University|location=Corvallis, Oregon|access-date=2021-01-26|date=November 2015}}</ref> | ||
=== Supplements === | |||
== Supplements == | |||
For those seeking higher, more concentrated doses of Apigenin, supplements are available, usually in capsule or powder form. However, it's crucial to approach Apigenin supplementation with caution and ideally under professional guidance, considering the optimal dosage, purity, and potential interactions with medications or other supplements have not been fully established. Users are advised to opt for high-quality, tested products to minimize the risk of contaminants and to adhere to recommended dosages to avoid potential adverse effects. | For those seeking higher, more concentrated doses of Apigenin, supplements are available, usually in capsule or powder form. However, it's crucial to approach Apigenin supplementation with caution and ideally under professional guidance, considering the optimal dosage, purity, and potential interactions with medications or other supplements have not been fully established. Users are advised to opt for high-quality, tested products to minimize the risk of contaminants and to adhere to recommended dosages to avoid potential adverse effects. | ||
= Benefits and Mechanisms of Action = | == Benefits and Mechanisms of Action == | ||
[[Apigenin]] is not just a mere component of our diet; research has elucidated its diverse biological activities, depicting its significant role in promoting health and potentially extending lifespan through various mechanisms. | [[Apigenin]] is not just a mere component of our diet; research has elucidated its diverse biological activities, depicting its significant role in promoting health and potentially extending lifespan through various mechanisms. | ||
== Antioxidant Properties == | === Antioxidant Properties === | ||
* '''[[Oxidative Stress Reduction]]:''' Apigenin has potent antioxidant properties, helping neutralize free radicals and reducing oxidative stress, a key contributor to aging and many chronic diseases. | * '''[[Oxidative Stress Reduction]]:''' Apigenin has potent antioxidant properties, helping neutralize free radicals and reducing oxidative stress, a key contributor to aging and many chronic diseases. | ||
* '''[[DNA Protection]]:''' By minimizing oxidative damage, Apigenin helps in maintaining the integrity of DNA, crucial for cellular function and longevity. | * '''[[DNA Protection]]:''' By minimizing oxidative damage, Apigenin helps in maintaining the integrity of DNA, crucial for cellular function and longevity. | ||
== Anti-Inflammatory Effects == | === Anti-Inflammatory Effects === | ||
* '''[[Inflammation Modulation]]:''' Apigenin can modulate inflammatory pathways, reducing the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and potentially mitigating inflammation-related conditions and aging processes. | * '''[[Inflammation Modulation]]:''' Apigenin can modulate inflammatory pathways, reducing the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and potentially mitigating inflammation-related conditions and aging processes. | ||
== Cellular Pathways and Longevity == | === Cellular Pathways and Longevity === | ||
* '''[[NAD+ Maintenance]]:''' Apigenin may inhibit [[CD38]], potentially maintaining or elevating levels of NAD+, vital for cellular energy metabolism and repair processes, and associated with longevity. | * '''[[NAD+ Maintenance]]:''' Apigenin may inhibit [[CD38]], potentially maintaining or elevating levels of NAD+, vital for cellular energy metabolism and repair processes, and associated with longevity. | ||
* '''[[Sirtuin Activation]]:''' Through its potential impact on NAD+ levels, Apigenin might indirectly activate sirtuins, a family of proteins associated with lifespan extension and improved healthspan. | * '''[[Sirtuin Activation]]:''' Through its potential impact on NAD+ levels, Apigenin might indirectly activate sirtuins, a family of proteins associated with lifespan extension and improved healthspan. | ||
== Cancer Prevention == | === Cancer Prevention === | ||
* '''[[Cancer Cell Inhibition]]:''' Several studies have indicated that Apigenin can inhibit the growth of cancer cells and induce apoptosis, showing promise in cancer prevention and therapy. | * '''[[Cancer Cell Inhibition]]:''' Several studies have indicated that Apigenin can inhibit the growth of cancer cells and induce apoptosis, showing promise in cancer prevention and therapy. | ||
== Neuroprotective Effects == | === Neuroprotective Effects === | ||
* '''[[Neurological Health]]:''' Apigenin may have neuroprotective properties, protecting brain cells from damage and potentially reducing the risk of neurodegenerative diseases. | * '''[[Neurological Health]]:''' Apigenin may have neuroprotective properties, protecting brain cells from damage and potentially reducing the risk of neurodegenerative diseases. | ||
== Cardiovascular Health == | === Cardiovascular Health === | ||
* '''[[Cardiovascular Protection]]:''' The anti-inflammatory and antioxidative properties of Apigenin are beneficial for cardiovascular health, potentially reducing the risk of cardiovascular diseases. | * '''[[Cardiovascular Protection]]:''' The anti-inflammatory and antioxidative properties of Apigenin are beneficial for cardiovascular health, potentially reducing the risk of cardiovascular diseases. | ||
While the benefits of Apigenin are promising, it is crucial to acknowledge that many studies are in the preliminary stages, predominantly in vitro or animal-based. More comprehensive human clinical trials are needed to validate these findings, determine optimal dosages, and understand the long-term impacts and potential side effects of Apigenin intake. Additionally, further exploration is required to elucidate the full spectrum of Apigenin’s mechanisms of action and its role in health and longevity. | While the benefits of Apigenin are promising, it is crucial to acknowledge that many studies are in the preliminary stages, predominantly in vitro or animal-based. More comprehensive human clinical trials are needed to validate these findings, determine optimal dosages, and understand the long-term impacts and potential side effects of Apigenin intake. Additionally, further exploration is required to elucidate the full spectrum of Apigenin’s mechanisms of action and its role in health and longevity. | ||
== Safety and Dosage == | |||
= Safety and Dosage = | |||
While [[Apigenin]] is generally recognized as safe due to its presence in common fruits and vegetables, considerations around its safety and dosage are paramount when contemplating supplemental use or concentrated intake. | While [[Apigenin]] is generally recognized as safe due to its presence in common fruits and vegetables, considerations around its safety and dosage are paramount when contemplating supplemental use or concentrated intake. | ||
== General Safety == | === General Safety === | ||
* '''[[Natural Sources]]:''' Apigenin is found in many fruits, vegetables, and herbs, and consuming it from these natural sources is generally considered safe. | * '''[[Natural Sources]]:''' Apigenin is found in many fruits, vegetables, and herbs, and consuming it from these natural sources is generally considered safe. | ||
* '''[[Side Effects]]:''' In supplemental or high doses, potential side effects include gastrointestinal discomfort, allergic reactions, or interactions with medications. | * '''[[Side Effects]]:''' In supplemental or high doses, potential side effects include gastrointestinal discomfort, allergic reactions, or interactions with medications. | ||
== Recommended Dosage == | === Recommended Dosage === | ||
* '''[[Dietary Intake]]:''' No formal recommendations exist for dietary intake, but consuming a diet rich in fruits and vegetables containing Apigenin is encouraged. | * '''[[Dietary Intake]]:''' No formal recommendations exist for dietary intake, but consuming a diet rich in fruits and vegetables containing Apigenin is encouraged. | ||
* '''[[Supplemental Dosage]]:''' There is no established recommended dosage for Apigenin supplements, and any supplemental use should be approached with caution and preferably under medical guidance. | * '''[[Supplemental Dosage]]:''' There is no established recommended dosage for Apigenin supplements, and any supplemental use should be approached with caution and preferably under medical guidance. | ||
== Drug Interactions == | === Drug Interactions === | ||
* '''[[Medication Interaction]]:''' Apigenin may interact with certain medications, altering their efficacy and metabolism. Consultation with healthcare providers is essential before supplementing, especially for those on medication. | * '''[[Medication Interaction]]:''' Apigenin may interact with certain medications, altering their efficacy and metabolism. Consultation with healthcare providers is essential before supplementing, especially for those on medication. | ||
== Research Limitations == | == Research Limitations == | ||
* The majority of the safety and efficacy data on Apigenin come from in vitro and animal studies, necessitating further human studies to confirm its safety profile and establish appropriate dosages for therapeutic uses. | * The majority of the safety and efficacy data on Apigenin come from in vitro and animal studies, necessitating further human studies to confirm its safety profile and establish appropriate dosages for therapeutic uses. | ||
== References == | == References == | ||
<references /> | <references /> | ||
[[Category:Orally Consumable Longevity Molecules]] | [[Category:Orally Consumable Longevity Molecules]] | ||