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Trimethylglycine (TMG): Difference between revisions

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Trimethylglycine (TMG) (view source)

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Protective effects of TMG in experimental animal models, cell culture systems, and clinical studies.
Protective effects of TMG in experimental animal models, cell culture systems, and clinical studies.
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
! Therapeutic Effects of TMG Administration
!Therapeutic Effects of TMG Administration
! Experimental Model
!Experimental Model
!Heart Health and Homocysteine Levels
!Liver Function and Detoxification
!Stress Resistance and Cellular Hydration
!Support in Metabolic Processes
!Mood and Well-being
|-
|-
| Prevents hepatic fat accumulation in ALD
|Prevents hepatic fat accumulation in ALD
| Male Wistar rats; C57BL/6 mice; Balb/c mice
|Male Wistar rats; C57BL/6 mice; Balb/c mice
|
|X
|
|
|
|-
|-
| Preserves/restores hepatic SAM: SAH ratios by regenerating SAM and lowering SAH and homocysteine levels in ALD
|Preserves/restores hepatic SAM: SAH ratios by regenerating SAM and lowering SAH and homocysteine levels in ALD
| Male Wistar rats; hepatocytes; male C57BL/6 mice
|Male Wistar rats; hepatocytes; male C57BL/6 mice
| X
|X
|
|
|
|-
|-
| Restores activities of various liver methyltransferases (PEMT, ICMT, PIMT, PRMT) to increase phosphatidylcholine levels, preventing apoptosis and accumulation of damaged proteins, and restoring proteasome activity
|Restores activities of various liver methyltransferases (PEMT, ICMT, PIMT, PRMT) to increase phosphatidylcholine levels, preventing apoptosis and accumulation of damaged proteins, and restoring proteasome activity
| Male Wistar rats; hepatocytes
|Male Wistar rats; hepatocytes
|
|X
|
|
|
|-
|-
| Suppresses the synthesis of DGAT2, a rate-limiting enzyme in triglyceride synthesis, by alleviating ERK1/2 inhibition in ALD
|Suppresses the synthesis of DGAT2, a rate-limiting enzyme in triglyceride synthesis, by alleviating ERK1/2 inhibition in ALD
| Male C57BL/6 mice
|Male C57BL/6 mice
|
|X
|
|
|
|-
|-
| Upregulates antioxidant defense system and improves oxyradical scavenging activity in ALD
|Upregulates antioxidant defense system and improves oxyradical scavenging activity in ALD
| Male Wistar rats
|Male Wistar rats
|
|X
|X
|
|
|-
|-
| Prevents/attenuates ER stress in ALD
|Prevents/attenuates ER stress in ALD
| Male C57BL/6 mice
| Male C57BL/6 mice
|
|X
|X
|
|
|-
|-
| Exerts hepatoprotection by preserving mitochondrial function in ALD
| Exerts hepatoprotection by preserving mitochondrial function in ALD
| Male Wistar rats
|Male Wistar rats
|
|X
|
|
|
|-
|-
| Restores the serum adiponectin levels in ALD
|Restores the serum adiponectin levels in ALD
| Mice
|Mice
|
|X
|
|X
|
|-
|-
| Prevents elevations of CD14, TNFα, COX2, GADD45β, LITAF, JAK3, TLR2, TLR4, IL1β, and PDCD4 and NOS2 mRNA levels in alcoholic liver injury
|Prevents elevations of CD14, TNFα, COX2, GADD45β, LITAF, JAK3, TLR2, TLR4, IL1β, and PDCD4 and NOS2 mRNA levels in alcoholic liver injury
| Male Wistar rats
|Male Wistar rats
|
|X
|
|
|
|-
|-
| Prevents serum ALT and AST activity elevations in models of ALD and MAFLD
|Prevents serum ALT and AST activity elevations in models of ALD and MAFLD
| Male Wistar rats
|Male Wistar rats
|
|X
|
|
|
|-
|-
| Reduces liver oxidant stress, inflammation, and apoptosis in MAFLD
|Reduces liver oxidant stress, inflammation, and apoptosis in MAFLD
| Male C57BL/6 mice
| Male C57BL/6 mice
|
| X
|X
|
|
|-
|-
| Remethylates homocysteine, protecting from oxidant stress and restoring phosphatidylcholine generation in MAFLD
|Remethylates homocysteine, protecting from oxidant stress and restoring phosphatidylcholine generation in MAFLD
| C57BL/6 mice
|C57BL/6 mice
|X
|X
|
|
|
|-
|-
| Stimulates β-oxidation in livers of MCD diet-induced MAFLD
|Stimulates β-oxidation in livers of MCD diet-induced MAFLD
| Male Sprague-Dawley rats
|Male Sprague-Dawley rats
|
|X
|
|X
|
|-
|-
| Alleviates steatosis and increases autophagosomes numbers in mouse livers with MAFLD
|Alleviates steatosis and increases autophagosomes numbers in mouse livers with MAFLD
| Male C57BL/6 mice; rats
| Male C57BL/6 mice; rats
|
|X
|
|X
|
|-
|-
| Enhances the conversion of existing WAT to brown adipose tissue through stimulating mitochondrial biogenesis in MAFLD
|Enhances the conversion of existing WAT to brown adipose tissue through stimulating mitochondrial biogenesis in MAFLD
| Mice
| Mice
|
|X
|
|X
|
|-
|-
| Alleviates ROS-induced mitochondrial respiratory chain dysfunction in MAFLD
|Alleviates ROS-induced mitochondrial respiratory chain dysfunction in MAFLD
| Male Sprague-Dawley rats
|Male Sprague-Dawley rats
|
|X
|X
|X
|
|-
|-
| Attenuates different grades of steatosis, inflammation, and fibrosis in MAFLD patients
|Attenuates different grades of steatosis, inflammation, and fibrosis in MAFLD patients
| Human trials
|Human trials
|
|X
|
|X
|
|-
|-
| Prevents adipose tissue dysfunction in ALD
|Prevents adipose tissue dysfunction in ALD
| Male C57BL/6 mice
| Male C57BL/6 mice
|
|X
|
|X
|
|-
|-
| Reduces the inflammatory adipokines, IL6, TNFα, and leptin in human adipocytes
|Reduces the inflammatory adipokines, IL6, TNFα, and leptin in human adipocytes
| Human visceral adipocytes
|Human visceral adipocytes
|
|X
|
|
|X
|-
|-
| Inhibits lipid peroxidation, hepatic inflammation, and expression of transforming growth factor-β1 in liver fibrosis
| Inhibits lipid peroxidation, hepatic inflammation, and expression of transforming growth factor-β1 in liver fibrosis
| Male chicks
|Male chicks
|
|X
| X
|
|
|-
|-
| Suppresses alcoholic liver fibrosis
|Suppresses alcoholic liver fibrosis
| Rats
|Rats
|
|X
|X
|
|
|-
|-
| Prevents the formation of Mallory–Denk bodies through epigenetic means by attenuating the decrease of MAT1A, SAHH, BHMT, and AMD1 expression
|Prevents the formation of Mallory–Denk bodies through epigenetic means by attenuating the decrease of MAT1A, SAHH, BHMT, and AMD1 expression
| C3H male mice
|C3H male mice
|
|X
|
|
|
|-
|-
| Reverses the inhibitory effects of acetaldehyde on IFN signaling and decreases de-methylation of STAT1 by JMJD6
|Reverses the inhibitory effects of acetaldehyde on IFN signaling and decreases de-methylation of STAT1 by JMJD6
| HCV-infected Huh7.5 CYP2E1 (+) cells and human hepatocytes
|HCV-infected Huh7.5 CYP2E1 (+) cells and human hepatocytes
|
|X
|X
|
|
|-
|-
| Enhances expression of PPARα and elevates fatty acid catabolism
|Enhances expression of PPARα and elevates fatty acid catabolism
| Male C57BL/6 and ApoE−/− mice
|Male C57BL/6 and ApoE−/− mice
|
|X
|
|X
|
|-
|-
| Inhibits lipogenic activity in liver by activation of AMPK
|Inhibits lipogenic activity in liver by activation of AMPK
| ApoE−/− mice; Male C57BL/6 mice
|ApoE−/− mice; Male C57BL/6 mice
|
|X
|
|X
|
|-
|-
| Regulates colonic fluid balance
|Regulates colonic fluid balance
| Rats
|Rats
|
|
|
|X
|X
|-
|-
| Improves intestinal barrier function and maintains the gut microbiota
|Improves intestinal barrier function and maintains the gut microbiota
| Porcine epithelial cells; Caco-2 cells; rat small intestinal cell line IEC-18
|Porcine epithelial cells; Caco-2 cells; rat small intestinal cell line IEC-18
|
|
|
|X
|X
|-
|-
| Activates GI digestive enzymes and ameliorates intestinal morphology and microbiota dysbiosis
|Activates GI digestive enzymes and ameliorates intestinal morphology and microbiota dysbiosis
| Male Sprague Dawley rats
|Male Sprague Dawley rats
|
|
|
|X
|X
|-
|-
| Attenuates alcoholic-induced pancreatic steatosis
|Attenuates alcoholic-induced pancreatic steatosis
| Male Wistar rats
|Male Wistar rats
|
|X
|
|X
|
|-
|-
| Associated with resilience to anhedonia and prevention of stress-related psychiatric disorders
|Associated with resilience to anhedonia and prevention of stress-related psychiatric disorders
| Male C57BL/6 mice
|Male C57BL/6 mice
|
|
|X
|
|X
|-
|-
| Treats asthma-induced oxidative stress, thus improving airway function of lung tissue
|Treats asthma-induced oxidative stress, thus improving airway function of lung tissue
| BALB/C mice
|BALB/C mice
|
|
|X
|
|
|-
|-
| Protects against cadmium nephrotoxicity
|Protects against cadmium nephrotoxicity
| Male Wistar rats
|Male Wistar rats
|
|X
|X
|
|
|-
|-
| Protects against isoprenaline-induced myocardial dysfunction
|Protects against isoprenaline-induced myocardial dysfunction
| Male Wistar rats
|Male Wistar rats
|X
|
|
|
|
|-
|-
| Anti-nociceptive and sedative role via interactions with opioidergic and GABA receptors
|Anti-nociceptive and sedative role via interactions with opioidergic and GABA receptors
| Male albino mice
|Male albino mice
|
|
|X
|
|X
|-
|-
| Normalizes fetal growth and reduces adiposity of progeny from obese mice
|Normalizes fetal growth and reduces adiposity of progeny from obese mice
| C57BL/6J mice
|C57BL/6J mice
|
|
|
|X
|
|-
|-
| Anti-cancer effect in alcohol-associated breast cancer cell growth and development
|Anti-cancer effect in alcohol-associated breast cancer cell growth and development
| Breast adenocarcinoma cell line (MCF-7)
|Breast adenocarcinoma cell line (MCF-7)
|
|X
|
|
|
|-
|-
| Reduces rectal temperature in broiler chickens
|Reduces rectal temperature in broiler chickens
| Chickens
|Chickens
|
|
|X
|
|
|-
|-
| Improves post-natal lamb survival
|Improves post-natal lamb survival
| Lambs
|Lambs
|
|
|X
|X
|
|}
|}


== See also ==
==See also==


* [[Wikipedia:Trimethylglycine|Wikipedia article]]
*[[Wikipedia:Trimethylglycine|Wikipedia article]]


==References ==
==References==
<references />
<references />
[[Category:Orally Consumable Longevity Molecules]]
[[Category:Orally Consumable Longevity Molecules]]
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