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| Protective effects of TMG in experimental animal models, cell culture systems, and clinical studies. | | Protective effects of TMG in experimental animal models, cell culture systems, and clinical studies. |
| {| class="wikitable" | | {| class="wikitable" |
| ! colspan="1" rowspan="1" |Therapeutic Effects of TMG Administration | | ! Therapeutic Effects of TMG Administration |
| ! colspan="1" rowspan="1" |Experimental Model | | ! Experimental Model |
| |- | | |- |
| | colspan="1" rowspan="1" |Prevents hepatic fat accumulation in ALD
| | | Prevents hepatic fat accumulation in ALD |
| | colspan="1" rowspan="1" |Male Wistar rats; C57BL/6 mice; Balb/c mice
| | | Male Wistar rats; C57BL/6 mice; Balb/c mice |
| |- | | |- |
| | colspan="1" rowspan="1" |Preserves/restores hepatic SAM: SAH ratios by regenerating SAM and lowering SAH and homocysteine levels in ALD
| | | Preserves/restores hepatic SAM: SAH ratios by regenerating SAM and lowering SAH and homocysteine levels in ALD |
| | colspan="1" rowspan="1" | Male Wistar rats; hepatocytes; male C57BL/6 mice | | | Male Wistar rats; hepatocytes; male C57BL/6 mice |
| |- | | |- |
| | colspan="1" rowspan="1" |Restores activities of various liver methyltransferases (PEMT, ICMT, PIMT, PRMT) to increase phosphatidylcholine levels, preventing apoptosis and accumulation of damaged proteins, and restoring proteasome activity
| | | Restores activities of various liver methyltransferases (PEMT, ICMT, PIMT, PRMT) to increase phosphatidylcholine levels, preventing apoptosis and accumulation of damaged proteins, and restoring proteasome activity |
| | colspan="1" rowspan="1" |Male Wistar rats; hepatocytes
| | | Male Wistar rats; hepatocytes |
| |- | | |- |
| | colspan="1" rowspan="1" |Suppresses the synthesis of DGAT2, a rate-limiting enzyme in triglyceride synthesis, by alleviating ERK1/2 inhibition in ALD
| | | Suppresses the synthesis of DGAT2, a rate-limiting enzyme in triglyceride synthesis, by alleviating ERK1/2 inhibition in ALD |
| | colspan="1" rowspan="1" |Male C57BL/6 mice
| | | Male C57BL/6 mice |
| |- | | |- |
| | colspan="1" rowspan="1" |Upregulates antioxidant defense system and improves oxyradical scavenging activity in ALD
| | | Upregulates antioxidant defense system and improves oxyradical scavenging activity in ALD |
| | colspan="1" rowspan="1" |Male Wistar rats
| | | Male Wistar rats |
| |- | | |- |
| | colspan="1" rowspan="1" |Prevents/attenuates ER stress in ALD
| | | Prevents/attenuates ER stress in ALD |
| | colspan="1" rowspan="1" |Male C57BL/6 mice
| | | Male C57BL/6 mice |
| |- | | |- |
| | colspan="1" rowspan="1" |Exerts hepatoprotection by preserving mitochondrial function in ALD
| | | Exerts hepatoprotection by preserving mitochondrial function in ALD |
| | colspan="1" rowspan="1" | Male Wistar rats | | | Male Wistar rats |
| |- | | |- |
| | colspan="1" rowspan="1" |Restores the serum adiponectin levels in ALD
| | | Restores the serum adiponectin levels in ALD |
| | colspan="1" rowspan="1" |Mice
| | | Mice |
| |- | | |- |
| | colspan="1" rowspan="1" |Prevents elevations of CD14, TNFα, COX2, GADD45β, LITAF, JAK3, TLR2, TLR4, IL1β, and PDCD4 and NOS2 mRNA levels in alcoholic liver injury
| | | Prevents elevations of CD14, TNFα, COX2, GADD45β, LITAF, JAK3, TLR2, TLR4, IL1β, and PDCD4 and NOS2 mRNA levels in alcoholic liver injury |
| | colspan="1" rowspan="1" |Male Wistar rats
| | | Male Wistar rats |
| |- | | |- |
| | colspan="1" rowspan="1" |Prevents serum ALT and AST activity elevations in models of ALD and MAFLD
| | | Prevents serum ALT and AST activity elevations in models of ALD and MAFLD |
| | colspan="1" rowspan="1" |Male Wistar rats
| | | Male Wistar rats |
| |- | | |- |
| | colspan="1" rowspan="1" |Reduces liver oxidant stress, inflammation, and apoptosis in MAFLD
| | | Reduces liver oxidant stress, inflammation, and apoptosis in MAFLD |
| | colspan="1" rowspan="1" |Male C57BL/6 mice
| | | Male C57BL/6 mice |
| |- | | |- |
| | colspan="1" rowspan="1" | Remethylates homocysteine, protecting from oxidant stress and restoring phosphatidylcholine generation in MAFLD | | | Remethylates homocysteine, protecting from oxidant stress and restoring phosphatidylcholine generation in MAFLD |
| | colspan="1" rowspan="1" |C57BL/6 mice
| | | C57BL/6 mice |
| |- | | |- |
| | colspan="1" rowspan="1" | Stimulates β-oxidation in livers of MCD diet-induced MAFLD | | | Stimulates β-oxidation in livers of MCD diet-induced MAFLD |
| | colspan="1" rowspan="1" |Male Sprague-Dawley rats
| | | Male Sprague-Dawley rats |
| |- | | |- |
| | colspan="1" rowspan="1" |Alleviates steatosis and increases autophagosomes numbers in mouse livers with MAFLD
| | | Alleviates steatosis and increases autophagosomes numbers in mouse livers with MAFLD |
| | colspan="1" rowspan="1" |Male C57BL/6 mice; rats
| | | Male C57BL/6 mice; rats |
| |- | | |- |
| | colspan="1" rowspan="1" |Enhances the conversion of existing WAT to brown adipose tissue through stimulating mitochondrial biogenesis in MAFLD
| | | Enhances the conversion of existing WAT to brown adipose tissue through stimulating mitochondrial biogenesis in MAFLD |
| | colspan="1" rowspan="1" |Mice
| | | Mice |
| |- | | |- |
| | colspan="1" rowspan="1" |Alleviates ROS-induced mitochondrial respiratory chain dysfunction in MAFLD
| | | Alleviates ROS-induced mitochondrial respiratory chain dysfunction in MAFLD |
| | colspan="1" rowspan="1" | Male Sprague-Dawley rats | | | Male Sprague-Dawley rats |
| |- | | |- |
| | colspan="1" rowspan="1" |Attenuates different grades of steatosis, inflammation, and fibrosis in MAFLD patients
| | | Attenuates different grades of steatosis, inflammation, and fibrosis in MAFLD patients |
| | colspan="1" rowspan="1" |Human trials
| | | Human trials |
| |- | | |- |
| | colspan="1" rowspan="1" |Prevents adipose tissue dysfunction in ALD
| | | Prevents adipose tissue dysfunction in ALD |
| | colspan="1" rowspan="1" |Male C57BL/6 mice
| | | Male C57BL/6 mice |
| |- | | |- |
| | colspan="1" rowspan="1" |Reduces the inflammatory adipokines, IL6, TNFα, and leptin in human adipocytes
| | | Reduces the inflammatory adipokines, IL6, TNFα, and leptin in human adipocytes |
| | colspan="1" rowspan="1" |Human visceral adipocytes
| | | Human visceral adipocytes |
| |- | | |- |
| | colspan="1" rowspan="1" |Inhibits lipid peroxidation, hepatic inflammation, and expression of transforming growth factor-β1 in liver fibrosis
| | | Inhibits lipid peroxidation, hepatic inflammation, and expression of transforming growth factor-β1 in liver fibrosis |
| | colspan="1" rowspan="1" |Male chicks
| | | Male chicks |
| |- | | |- |
| | colspan="1" rowspan="1" | Suppresses alcoholic liver fibrosis | | | Suppresses alcoholic liver fibrosis |
| | colspan="1" rowspan="1" | Rats | | | Rats |
| |- | | |- |
| | colspan="1" rowspan="1" |Prevents the formation of Mallory–Denk bodies through epigenetic means by attenuating the decrease of MAT1A, SAHH, BHMT, and AMD1 expression
| | | Prevents the formation of Mallory–Denk bodies through epigenetic means by attenuating the decrease of MAT1A, SAHH, BHMT, and AMD1 expression |
| | colspan="1" rowspan="1" |C3H male mice
| | | C3H male mice |
| |- | | |- |
| | colspan="1" rowspan="1" |Reverses the inhibitory effects of acetaldehyde on IFN signaling and decreases de-methylation of STAT1 by JMJD6
| | | Reverses the inhibitory effects of acetaldehyde on IFN signaling and decreases de-methylation of STAT1 by JMJD6 |
| | colspan="1" rowspan="1" |HCV-infected Huh7.5 CYP2E1 (+) cells and human hepatocytes
| | | HCV-infected Huh7.5 CYP2E1 (+) cells and human hepatocytes |
| |- | | |- |
| | colspan="1" rowspan="1" |Enhances expression of PPARα and elevates fatty acid catabolism
| | | Enhances expression of PPARα and elevates fatty acid catabolism |
| | colspan="1" rowspan="1" |Male C57BL/6 and ApoE−/− mice
| | | Male C57BL/6 and ApoE−/− mice |
| |- | | |- |
| | colspan="1" rowspan="1" |Inhibits lipogenic activity in liver by activation of AMPK
| | | Inhibits lipogenic activity in liver by activation of AMPK |
| | colspan="1" rowspan="1" | ApoE−/− mice; Male C57BL/6 mice | | | ApoE−/− mice; Male C57BL/6 mice |
| |- | | |- |
| | colspan="1" rowspan="1" |Regulates colonic fluid balance
| | | Regulates colonic fluid balance |
| | colspan="1" rowspan="1" |Rats
| | | Rats |
| |- | | |- |
| | colspan="1" rowspan="1" |Improves intestinal barrier function and maintains the gut microbiota
| | | Improves intestinal barrier function and maintains the gut microbiota |
| | colspan="1" rowspan="1" |Porcine epithelial cells; Caco-2 cells; rat small intestinal cell line IEC-18
| | | Porcine epithelial cells; Caco-2 cells; rat small intestinal cell line IEC-18 |
| |- | | |- |
| | colspan="1" rowspan="1" |Activates GI digestive enzymes and ameliorates intestinal morphology and microbiota dysbiosis
| | | Activates GI digestive enzymes and ameliorates intestinal morphology and microbiota dysbiosis |
| | colspan="1" rowspan="1" |Male Sprague Dawley rats
| | | Male Sprague Dawley rats |
| |- | | |- |
| | colspan="1" rowspan="1" | Attenuates alcoholic-induced pancreatic steatosis | | | Attenuates alcoholic-induced pancreatic steatosis |
| | colspan="1" rowspan="1" |Male Wistar rats
| | | Male Wistar rats |
| |- | | |- |
| | colspan="1" rowspan="1" |Associated with resilience to anhedonia and prevention of stress-related psychiatric disorders
| | | Associated with resilience to anhedonia and prevention of stress-related psychiatric disorders |
| | colspan="1" rowspan="1" |Male C57BL/6 mice
| | | Male C57BL/6 mice |
| |- | | |- |
| | colspan="1" rowspan="1" | Treats asthma-induced oxidative stress, thus improving airway function of lung tissue | | | Treats asthma-induced oxidative stress, thus improving airway function of lung tissue |
| | colspan="1" rowspan="1" |BALB/C mice
| | | BALB/C mice |
| |- | | |- |
| | colspan="1" rowspan="1" |Protects against cadmium nephrotoxicity
| | | Protects against cadmium nephrotoxicity |
| | colspan="1" rowspan="1" |Male Wistar rats
| | | Male Wistar rats |
| |- | | |- |
| | colspan="1" rowspan="1" |Protects against isoprenaline-induced myocardial dysfunction
| | | Protects against isoprenaline-induced myocardial dysfunction |
| | colspan="1" rowspan="1" |Male Wistar rats
| | | Male Wistar rats |
| |- | | |- |
| | colspan="1" rowspan="1" |Anti-nociceptive and sedative role via interactions with opioidergic and GABA receptors
| | | Anti-nociceptive and sedative role via interactions with opioidergic and GABA receptors |
| | colspan="1" rowspan="1" |Male albino mice
| | | Male albino mice |
| |- | | |- |
| | colspan="1" rowspan="1" |Normalizes fetal growth and reduces adiposity of progeny from obese mice
| | | Normalizes fetal growth and reduces adiposity of progeny from obese mice |
| | colspan="1" rowspan="1" |C57BL/6J mice
| | | C57BL/6J mice |
| |- | | |- |
| | colspan="1" rowspan="1" |Anti-cancer effect in alcohol-associated breast cancer cell growth and development
| | | Anti-cancer effect in alcohol-associated breast cancer cell growth and development |
| | colspan="1" rowspan="1" |Breast adenocarcinoma cell line (MCF-7)
| | | Breast adenocarcinoma cell line (MCF-7) |
| |- | | |- |
| | colspan="1" rowspan="1" |Reduces rectal temperature in broiler chickens
| | | Reduces rectal temperature in broiler chickens |
| | colspan="1" rowspan="1" |Chickens
| | | Chickens |
| |- | | |- |
| | colspan="1" rowspan="1" |Improves post-natal lamb survival
| | | Improves post-natal lamb survival |
| | colspan="1" rowspan="1" |Lambs
| | | Lambs |
| |} | | |} |
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