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Protective effects of TMG in experimental animal models, cell culture systems, and clinical studies. | Protective effects of TMG in experimental animal models, cell culture systems, and clinical studies. | ||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
! Therapeutic Effects of TMG Administration | !Therapeutic Effects of TMG Administration | ||
! Experimental Model | !Experimental Model | ||
!Heart Health and Homocysteine Levels | |||
!Liver Function and Detoxification | |||
!Stress Resistance and Cellular Hydration | |||
!Support in Metabolic Processes | |||
!Mood and Well-being | |||
|- | |- | ||
| Prevents hepatic fat accumulation in ALD | |Prevents hepatic fat accumulation in ALD | ||
| Male Wistar rats; C57BL/6 mice; Balb/c mice | |Male Wistar rats; C57BL/6 mice; Balb/c mice | ||
| | |||
|X | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| Preserves/restores hepatic SAM: SAH ratios by regenerating SAM and lowering SAH and homocysteine levels in ALD | |Preserves/restores hepatic SAM: SAH ratios by regenerating SAM and lowering SAH and homocysteine levels in ALD | ||
| | |Male Wistar rats; hepatocytes; male C57BL/6 mice | ||
| X | |||
|X | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| Restores activities of various liver methyltransferases (PEMT, ICMT, PIMT, PRMT) to increase phosphatidylcholine levels, preventing apoptosis and accumulation of damaged proteins, and restoring proteasome activity | |Restores activities of various liver methyltransferases (PEMT, ICMT, PIMT, PRMT) to increase phosphatidylcholine levels, preventing apoptosis and accumulation of damaged proteins, and restoring proteasome activity | ||
| Male Wistar rats; hepatocytes | |Male Wistar rats; hepatocytes | ||
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|X | |||
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|- | |- | ||
| Suppresses the synthesis of DGAT2, a rate-limiting enzyme in triglyceride synthesis, by alleviating ERK1/2 inhibition in ALD | |Suppresses the synthesis of DGAT2, a rate-limiting enzyme in triglyceride synthesis, by alleviating ERK1/2 inhibition in ALD | ||
| Male C57BL/6 mice | |Male C57BL/6 mice | ||
| | |||
|X | |||
| | |||
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|- | |- | ||
| Upregulates antioxidant defense system and improves oxyradical scavenging activity in ALD | |Upregulates antioxidant defense system and improves oxyradical scavenging activity in ALD | ||
| Male Wistar rats | |Male Wistar rats | ||
| | |||
|X | |||
|X | |||
| | |||
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|- | |- | ||
| Prevents/attenuates ER stress in ALD | |Prevents/attenuates ER stress in ALD | ||
| Male C57BL/6 mice | | Male C57BL/6 mice | ||
| | |||
|X | |||
|X | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| Exerts hepatoprotection by preserving mitochondrial function in ALD | | Exerts hepatoprotection by preserving mitochondrial function in ALD | ||
| | |Male Wistar rats | ||
| | |||
|X | |||
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|- | |- | ||
| Restores the serum adiponectin levels in ALD | |Restores the serum adiponectin levels in ALD | ||
| Mice | |Mice | ||
| | |||
|X | |||
| | |||
|X | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| Prevents elevations of CD14, TNFα, COX2, GADD45β, LITAF, JAK3, TLR2, TLR4, IL1β, and PDCD4 and NOS2 mRNA levels in alcoholic liver injury | |Prevents elevations of CD14, TNFα, COX2, GADD45β, LITAF, JAK3, TLR2, TLR4, IL1β, and PDCD4 and NOS2 mRNA levels in alcoholic liver injury | ||
| Male Wistar rats | |Male Wistar rats | ||
| | |||
|X | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| Prevents serum ALT and AST activity elevations in models of ALD and MAFLD | |Prevents serum ALT and AST activity elevations in models of ALD and MAFLD | ||
| Male Wistar rats | |Male Wistar rats | ||
| | |||
|X | |||
| | |||
| | |||
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|- | |- | ||
| Reduces liver oxidant stress, inflammation, and apoptosis in MAFLD | |Reduces liver oxidant stress, inflammation, and apoptosis in MAFLD | ||
| Male C57BL/6 mice | | Male C57BL/6 mice | ||
| | |||
| X | |||
|X | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | |Remethylates homocysteine, protecting from oxidant stress and restoring phosphatidylcholine generation in MAFLD | ||
| C57BL/6 mice | |C57BL/6 mice | ||
|X | |||
|X | |||
| | |||
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|- | |- | ||
| | |Stimulates β-oxidation in livers of MCD diet-induced MAFLD | ||
| Male Sprague-Dawley rats | |Male Sprague-Dawley rats | ||
| | |||
|X | |||
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|X | |||
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|- | |- | ||
| Alleviates steatosis and increases autophagosomes numbers in mouse livers with MAFLD | |Alleviates steatosis and increases autophagosomes numbers in mouse livers with MAFLD | ||
| Male C57BL/6 mice; rats | | Male C57BL/6 mice; rats | ||
| | |||
|X | |||
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|X | |||
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|- | |- | ||
| Enhances the conversion of existing WAT to brown adipose tissue through stimulating mitochondrial biogenesis in MAFLD | |Enhances the conversion of existing WAT to brown adipose tissue through stimulating mitochondrial biogenesis in MAFLD | ||
| Mice | | Mice | ||
| | |||
|X | |||
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|X | |||
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|- | |- | ||
| Alleviates ROS-induced mitochondrial respiratory chain dysfunction in MAFLD | |Alleviates ROS-induced mitochondrial respiratory chain dysfunction in MAFLD | ||
| | |Male Sprague-Dawley rats | ||
| | |||
|X | |||
|X | |||
|X | |||
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|- | |- | ||
| Attenuates different grades of steatosis, inflammation, and fibrosis in MAFLD patients | |Attenuates different grades of steatosis, inflammation, and fibrosis in MAFLD patients | ||
| Human trials | |Human trials | ||
| | |||
|X | |||
| | |||
|X | |||
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|- | |- | ||
| Prevents adipose tissue dysfunction in ALD | |Prevents adipose tissue dysfunction in ALD | ||
| Male C57BL/6 mice | | Male C57BL/6 mice | ||
| | |||
|X | |||
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|X | |||
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|- | |- | ||
| Reduces the inflammatory adipokines, IL6, TNFα, and leptin in human adipocytes | |Reduces the inflammatory adipokines, IL6, TNFα, and leptin in human adipocytes | ||
| Human visceral adipocytes | |Human visceral adipocytes | ||
| | |||
|X | |||
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| | |||
|X | |||
|- | |- | ||
| Inhibits lipid peroxidation, hepatic inflammation, and expression of transforming growth factor-β1 in liver fibrosis | | Inhibits lipid peroxidation, hepatic inflammation, and expression of transforming growth factor-β1 in liver fibrosis | ||
| Male chicks | |Male chicks | ||
| | |||
|X | |||
| X | |||
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|- | |- | ||
| | |Suppresses alcoholic liver fibrosis | ||
| | |Rats | ||
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|X | |||
|X | |||
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|- | |- | ||
| Prevents the formation of Mallory–Denk bodies through epigenetic means by attenuating the decrease of MAT1A, SAHH, BHMT, and AMD1 expression | |Prevents the formation of Mallory–Denk bodies through epigenetic means by attenuating the decrease of MAT1A, SAHH, BHMT, and AMD1 expression | ||
| C3H male mice | |C3H male mice | ||
| | |||
|X | |||
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|- | |- | ||
| Reverses the inhibitory effects of acetaldehyde on IFN signaling and decreases de-methylation of STAT1 by JMJD6 | |Reverses the inhibitory effects of acetaldehyde on IFN signaling and decreases de-methylation of STAT1 by JMJD6 | ||
| HCV-infected Huh7.5 CYP2E1 (+) cells and human hepatocytes | |HCV-infected Huh7.5 CYP2E1 (+) cells and human hepatocytes | ||
| | |||
|X | |||
|X | |||
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| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| Enhances expression of PPARα and elevates fatty acid catabolism | |Enhances expression of PPARα and elevates fatty acid catabolism | ||
| Male C57BL/6 and ApoE−/− mice | |Male C57BL/6 and ApoE−/− mice | ||
| | |||
|X | |||
| | |||
|X | |||
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|- | |- | ||
| Inhibits lipogenic activity in liver by activation of AMPK | |Inhibits lipogenic activity in liver by activation of AMPK | ||
| | |ApoE−/− mice; Male C57BL/6 mice | ||
| | |||
|X | |||
| | |||
|X | |||
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|- | |- | ||
| Regulates colonic fluid balance | |Regulates colonic fluid balance | ||
| Rats | |Rats | ||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|X | |||
|X | |||
|- | |- | ||
| Improves intestinal barrier function and maintains the gut microbiota | |Improves intestinal barrier function and maintains the gut microbiota | ||
| Porcine epithelial cells; Caco-2 cells; rat small intestinal cell line IEC-18 | |Porcine epithelial cells; Caco-2 cells; rat small intestinal cell line IEC-18 | ||
| | |||
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|X | |||
|X | |||
|- | |- | ||
| Activates GI digestive enzymes and ameliorates intestinal morphology and microbiota dysbiosis | |Activates GI digestive enzymes and ameliorates intestinal morphology and microbiota dysbiosis | ||
| Male Sprague Dawley rats | |Male Sprague Dawley rats | ||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|X | |||
|X | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | |Attenuates alcoholic-induced pancreatic steatosis | ||
| Male Wistar rats | |Male Wistar rats | ||
| | |||
|X | |||
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|X | |||
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|- | |- | ||
| Associated with resilience to anhedonia and prevention of stress-related psychiatric disorders | |Associated with resilience to anhedonia and prevention of stress-related psychiatric disorders | ||
| Male C57BL/6 mice | |Male C57BL/6 mice | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|X | |||
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|X | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | |Treats asthma-induced oxidative stress, thus improving airway function of lung tissue | ||
| BALB/C mice | |BALB/C mice | ||
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|X | |||
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|- | |- | ||
| Protects against cadmium nephrotoxicity | |Protects against cadmium nephrotoxicity | ||
| Male Wistar rats | |Male Wistar rats | ||
| | |||
|X | |||
|X | |||
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|- | |- | ||
| Protects against isoprenaline-induced myocardial dysfunction | |Protects against isoprenaline-induced myocardial dysfunction | ||
| Male Wistar rats | |Male Wistar rats | ||
|X | |||
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|- | |- | ||
| Anti-nociceptive and sedative role via interactions with opioidergic and GABA receptors | |Anti-nociceptive and sedative role via interactions with opioidergic and GABA receptors | ||
| Male albino mice | |Male albino mice | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|X | |||
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|X | |||
|- | |- | ||
| Normalizes fetal growth and reduces adiposity of progeny from obese mice | |Normalizes fetal growth and reduces adiposity of progeny from obese mice | ||
| C57BL/6J mice | |C57BL/6J mice | ||
| | |||
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|X | |||
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|- | |- | ||
| Anti-cancer effect in alcohol-associated breast cancer cell growth and development | |Anti-cancer effect in alcohol-associated breast cancer cell growth and development | ||
| Breast adenocarcinoma cell line (MCF-7) | |Breast adenocarcinoma cell line (MCF-7) | ||
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|X | |||
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|- | |- | ||
| Reduces rectal temperature in broiler chickens | |Reduces rectal temperature in broiler chickens | ||
| Chickens | |Chickens | ||
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|X | |||
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|- | |- | ||
| Improves post-natal lamb survival | |Improves post-natal lamb survival | ||
| Lambs | |Lambs | ||
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| | |||
|X | |||
|X | |||
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|} | |} | ||
== See also == | ==See also== | ||
* [[Wikipedia:Trimethylglycine|Wikipedia article]] | *[[Wikipedia:Trimethylglycine|Wikipedia article]] | ||
==References == | ==References== | ||
<references /> | <references /> | ||
[[Category:Orally Consumable Longevity Molecules]] | [[Category:Orally Consumable Longevity Molecules]] |