Hallmarks of Aging: Difference between revisions

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+Aging is characterized by a progressive loss of physiological integrity, leading to impaired function and increased vulnerability to death. The '''hallmarks of aging''' are the types of [[Biochemistry|biochemical]] changes that occur in all organisms that experience [[Senescence|biological aging]] and lead to a progressive loss of physiological integrity, impaired function and, eventually, [[Death|death]]. They were first listed in a landmark paper in 2013<ref name=":0" /> to conceptualize the essence of [[Senescence|biological aging]] and its underlying mechanisms.
+== Criteria ==
+Each hallmark was chosen to try to fulfill the following criteria:<ref name=":02">{{Cite journal|last1=López-Otín|title=The Hallmarks of Aging|pmc=3836174|issn=0092-8674|doi=10.1016/j.cell.2013.05.039|pages=1194–1217|issue=6|volume=153|journal=Cell|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2013.05.039|date=2013-06-06|first1=Carlos|first5=Guido|last5=Kroemer|first4=Manuel|last4=Serrano|first3=Linda|last3=Partridge|first2=Maria A.|last2=Blasco|pmid=23746838}}</ref>
+# manifests during normal aging;
+# experimentally increasing it accelerates aging;
+# experimentally amending it slows the normal aging process and increases healthy lifespan.
+These conditions are met to different extents by each of these hallmarks. The last criterion is not present in many of the hallmarks, as science has not yet found feasible ways to amend these problems in living organisms.
 == History ==
-* '''2013''' The scientific journal ''[[Cell (journal)|Cell]]'' published the article "The Hallmarks of Aging", that was translated to several languages and determined the directions of many studies.<ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=López-Otín C, Blasco MA, Partridge L, Serrano M, Kroemer G|title=The hallmarks of aging|journal=Cell|volume=153|issue=6|pages=1194–1217|date=June 2013|pmid=23746838|pmc=3836174|doi=10.1016/j.cell.2013.05.039}}</ref>
+* '''2013''' The scientific journal ''[[Cell (journal)|Cell]]'' published the article "The Hallmarks of Aging", that was translated to several languages and determined the directions of many studies.<ref name=":0">{{cite journal|vauthors=López-Otín C, Blasco MA, Partridge L, Serrano M, Kroemer G|title=The hallmarks of aging|journal=Cell|volume=153|issue=6|pages=1194–1217|date=June 2013|pmid=23746838|pmc=3836174|doi=10.1016/j.cell.2013.05.039}}</ref>
 * '''2022''' It was proposed to expand the list of the nine hallmarks of aging with five more.<ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Schmauck-Medina T, Molière A, Lautrup S, Zhang J, Chlopicki S, Madsen HB, Cao S, Soendenbroe C, Mansell E, Vestergaard MB, Li Z, Shiloh Y, Opresko PL, Egly JM, Kirkwood T, Verdin E, Bohr VA, Cox LS, Stevnsner T, Rasmussen LJ, Fang EF|display-authors=6|title=New hallmarks of ageing: a 2022 Copenhagen ageing meeting summary|journal=Aging|volume=14|issue=16|pages=6829–6839|date=August 2022|pmid=36040386|pmc=9467401|doi=10.18632/aging.204248}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|vauthors=Conway J|url=https://www.lifespan.io/news/researchers-propose-five-new-hallmarks-of-aging/|title=Researchers Propose Five New Hallmarks of Aging|work=[[Life Extension Advocacy Foundation|Lifespan.io]]|date=29 August 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.fightaging.org/archives/2022/09/arguing-for-an-expansion-of-the-hallmarks-of-aging/|title=Arguing for an Expansion of the Hallmarks of Aging|work=Fight Aging!|date=5 September 2022}}</ref>
 * '''2023''' In a paywalled review, the authors of a heavily cited paper on the hallmarks of aging update the set of proposed hallmarks after a decade.<ref>{{cite news|title=New research extensively explores 12 distinctive aging traits|url=https://www.news-medical.net/news/20230105/New-research-extensively-explores-12-distinctive-aging-traits.aspx|access-date=17 February 2023|work=News-Medical.net|date=5 January 2023|language=en|archive-date=17 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230217232034/https://www.news-medical.net/news/20230105/New-research-extensively-explores-12-distinctive-aging-traits.aspx|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=López-Otín C, Blasco MA, Partridge L, Serrano M, Kroemer G|doi=10.1016/j.cell.2022.11.001|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230217232035/https://www.cell.com/cell/fulltext/S0092-8674(22)01377-0|s2cid=255394876|url-status=live|url-access=subscription|access-date=17 February 2023|url=https://www.cell.com/cell/fulltext/S0092-8674(22)01377-0|pmid=36599349|title=Hallmarks of aging: An expanding universe|date=January 2023|pages=243–278|issue=2|volume=186|journal=Cell|language=English|archive-date=17 February 2023}}</ref> A review with overlapping authors merge or link various hallmarks of cancer with those of aging.<ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=López-Otín C, Pietrocola F, Roiz-Valle D, Galluzzi L, Kroemer G|doi=10.1016/j.cmet.2022.11.001|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230217232036/https://www.cell.com/cell-metabolism/fulltext/S1550-4131(22)00492-2|s2cid=255465457|url-status=live|url-access=subscription|access-date=17 February 2023|url=https://www.cell.com/cell-metabolism/fulltext/S1550-4131(22)00492-2|pmid=36599298|title=Meta-hallmarks of aging and cancer|date=January 2023|pages=12–35|issue=1|volume=35|journal=Cell Metabolism|language=English|archive-date=17 February 2023}}</ref>