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Hallmarks of Aging: Difference between revisions
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{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
! Hallmark | ! Hallmark | ||
! Description | ! Description | ||
! | |||
|- | |- | ||
| '''Genomic Instability''' | |||
| Accumulation of DNA damage over time leading to cellular dysfunction. | |||
| rowspan="4" |'''Primary Hallmarks''' | |||
(causes damage) | (causes damage) | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Telomere Attrition | | '''Telomere Attrition''' | ||
| Reduction in the length of telomeres leading to cellular aging. | | Reduction in the length of telomeres leading to cellular aging. | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Epigenetic Alterations | | '''Epigenetic Alterations''' | ||
| Changes in DNA methylation and histone modification affecting gene expression. | | Changes in DNA methylation and histone modification affecting gene expression. | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Loss of Proteostasis | | '''Loss of Proteostasis''' | ||
| Disruption in protein folding and stability leading to cell damage. | | Disruption in protein folding and stability leading to cell damage. | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''Deregulated Nutrient Sensing''' | |||
| Alterations in nutrient sensing pathways affecting metabolism and aging. | |||
| rowspan="3" |'''Antagonistic Hallmarks''' | |||
(responses to damage) | (responses to damage) | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Mitochondrial Dysfunction | | '''Mitochondrial Dysfunction''' | ||
| Decrease in mitochondrial efficiency and increase in oxidative stress. | | Decrease in mitochondrial efficiency and increase in oxidative stress. | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[Senescent Cells|Cellular Senescence]] | | [[Senescent Cells|'''Cellular Senescence''']] | ||
| Accumulation of non-dividing, dysfunctional cells secreting harmful factors. | | Accumulation of non-dividing, dysfunctional cells secreting harmful factors. | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''Stem Cell Exhaustion''' | |||
| Decline in the regenerative capacity of stem cells affecting tissue repair. | |||
| rowspan="2" |'''Integrative Hallmarks''' | |||
(culprits of the phenotype) | (culprits of the phenotype) | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Altered Intercellular Communication | | '''Altered Intercellular Communication''' | ||
| Changes in cellular communication leading to inflammation and tissue dysfunction. | | Changes in cellular communication leading to inflammation and tissue dysfunction. | ||
|- | |- | ||
|'''Compromised Autophagy''' | |||
|Compromised Autophagy | |||
|Impaired cellular maintenance through the consumption of own components. | |Impaired cellular maintenance through the consumption of own components. | ||
| rowspan="5" |'''Proposed New Hallmarks''' | |||
|- | |- | ||
|Splicing Dysregulation | |'''Splicing Dysregulation''' | ||
|Impaired RNA construction from DNA, leading to cellular dysfunction. | |Impaired RNA construction from DNA, leading to cellular dysfunction. | ||
|- | |- | ||
|Microbiome Disturbance | |'''Microbiome Disturbance''' | ||
|Changes in gut microbiome affecting health and aging. | |Changes in gut microbiome affecting health and aging. | ||
|- | |- | ||
|Altered Mechanical Properties | |'''Altered Mechanical Properties''' | ||
|Changes in cellular and extracellular structure affecting tissue function. | |Changes in cellular and extracellular structure affecting tissue function. | ||
|- | |- | ||
|Inflammation (Inflammaging) | |'''Inflammation (Inflammaging)''' | ||
|Systemic inflammation contributing to aging and related diseases. | |Systemic inflammation contributing to aging and related diseases. | ||
|} | |} | ||