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Hallmarks of Aging: Difference between revisions

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Hallmarks of Aging (view source)

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=== The 14 Hallmarks of Aging (2023) ===
=== The 14 Hallmarks of Aging (2023) ===
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
!#
! Hallmark
! Hallmark
! Description
! Description
!
!
|-
|-
|1
| '''Genomic Instability'''
| '''Genomic Instability'''
| Accumulation of DNA damage over time leading to cellular dysfunction.
| Accumulation of DNA damage over time leading to cellular dysfunction.
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(causes damage)
(causes damage)
|-
|-
|2
| '''Telomere Attrition'''
| '''Telomere Attrition'''
| Reduction in the length of telomeres leading to cellular aging.
| Reduction in the length of telomeres leading to cellular aging.
|-
|-
|3
| '''Epigenetic Alterations'''
| '''Epigenetic Alterations'''
| Changes in DNA methylation and histone modification affecting gene expression.
| Changes in DNA methylation and histone modification affecting gene expression.
|-
|-
|4
| '''Loss of Proteostasis'''
| '''Loss of Proteostasis'''
| Disruption in protein folding and stability leading to cell damage.
| Disruption in protein folding and stability leading to cell damage.
|-
|-
|5
|'''Compromised Autophagy'''
| '''Deregulated Nutrient Sensing'''
|Impaired cellular maintenance through the consumption of own components.
|
|-
|'''Deregulated Nutrient Sensing'''
| Alterations in nutrient sensing pathways affecting metabolism and aging.
| Alterations in nutrient sensing pathways affecting metabolism and aging.
| rowspan="3" |'''Antagonistic Hallmarks'''
| rowspan="3" |'''Antagonistic Hallmarks'''
(responses to damage)
(responses to damage)
|-
|-
|6
|'''Mitochondrial Dysfunction'''
| '''Mitochondrial Dysfunction'''
| Decrease in mitochondrial efficiency and increase in oxidative stress.
| Decrease in mitochondrial efficiency and increase in oxidative stress.
|-
|-
|7
|[[Senescent Cells|'''Cellular Senescence''']]
| [[Senescent Cells|'''Cellular Senescence''']]
| Accumulation of non-dividing, dysfunctional cells secreting harmful factors.
| Accumulation of non-dividing, dysfunctional cells secreting harmful factors.
|-
|-
|8
|'''Stem Cell Exhaustion'''
| '''Stem Cell Exhaustion'''
| Decline in the regenerative capacity of stem cells affecting tissue repair.
| Decline in the regenerative capacity of stem cells affecting tissue repair.
| rowspan="2" |'''Integrative Hallmarks'''
| rowspan="2" |'''Integrative Hallmarks'''
(culprits of the phenotype)
(culprits of the phenotype)
|-
|-
|9
|'''Altered Intercellular Communication'''
| '''Altered Intercellular Communication'''
| Changes in cellular communication leading to inflammation and tissue dysfunction.
| Changes in cellular communication leading to inflammation and tissue dysfunction.
|-
|-
|10
|'''Compromised Autophagy'''
|Impaired cellular maintenance through the consumption of own components.
| rowspan="5" |'''Proposed New Hallmarks'''
|-
|11
|'''Splicing Dysregulation'''
|'''Splicing Dysregulation'''
|Impaired RNA construction from DNA, leading to cellular dysfunction.
|Impaired RNA construction from DNA, leading to cellular dysfunction.
| rowspan="4" |'''Proposed New Hallmarks'''
|-
|-
|12
|'''Microbiome Disturbance'''
|'''Microbiome Disturbance'''
|Changes in gut microbiome affecting health and aging.
|Changes in gut microbiome affecting health and aging.
|-
|-
|13
|'''Altered Mechanical Properties'''
|'''Altered Mechanical Properties'''
|Changes in cellular and extracellular structure affecting tissue function.
|Changes in cellular and extracellular structure affecting tissue function.
|-
|-
|14
|'''Inflammation (Inflammaging)'''
|'''Inflammation (Inflammaging)'''
|Systemic inflammation contributing to aging and related diseases.
|Systemic inflammation contributing to aging and related diseases.
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