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Hallmarks of Aging: Difference between revisions

Hallmarks of Aging (view source)

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→‎The 14 Hallmarks of Aging (2023)
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| '''Genomic Instability'''
| '''Genomic instability'''
| Accumulation of DNA damage over time leading to cellular dysfunction.
| Accumulation of DNA damage over time leading to cellular dysfunction.
| rowspan="4" |'''Primary Hallmarks'''
| rowspan="6" |'''Primary Hallmarks'''
(causes damage)
(causes damage)
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| '''Telomere Attrition'''
| '''Telomere attrition'''
| Reduction in the length of telomeres leading to cellular aging.
| Reduction in the length of telomeres leading to cellular aging.
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| '''Epigenetic Alterations'''
| '''Epigenetic alterations'''
| Changes in DNA methylation and histone modification affecting gene expression.
| Changes in DNA methylation and histone modification affecting gene expression.
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| '''Loss of Proteostasis'''
|'''Splicing dysregulation'''
|Impaired RNA construction from DNA, leading to cellular dysfunction.
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| '''Loss of proteostasis'''
| Disruption in protein folding and stability leading to cell damage.
| Disruption in protein folding and stability leading to cell damage.
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|'''Compromised Autophagy'''
|'''Compromised autophagy'''
|Impaired cellular maintenance through the consumption of own components.
|Impaired cellular maintenance through the consumption of own components.
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|-
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|'''Deregulated Nutrient Sensing'''
|'''Deregulated nutrient sensing'''
| Alterations in nutrient sensing pathways affecting metabolism and aging.
| Alterations in nutrient sensing pathways affecting metabolism and aging.
| rowspan="3" |'''Antagonistic Hallmarks'''
| rowspan="3" |'''Antagonistic Hallmarks'''
(responses to damage)
(responses to damage)
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|'''Mitochondrial Dysfunction'''
|'''Mitochondrial dysfunction'''
| Decrease in mitochondrial efficiency and increase in oxidative stress.
| Decrease in mitochondrial efficiency and increase in oxidative stress.
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|[[Senescent Cells|'''Cellular Senescence''']]
|[[Senescent Cells|'''Cellular senescence''']]
| Accumulation of non-dividing, dysfunctional cells secreting harmful factors.
| Accumulation of non-dividing, dysfunctional cells secreting harmful factors.
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|'''Stem Cell Exhaustion'''
|'''Stem cell exhaustion'''
| Decline in the regenerative capacity of stem cells affecting tissue repair.
| Decline in the regenerative capacity of stem cells affecting tissue repair.
| rowspan="2" |'''Integrative Hallmarks'''
| rowspan="5" |'''Integrative Hallmarks'''
(culprits of the phenotype)
(culprits of the phenotype)
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|'''Altered Intercellular Communication'''
|'''Altered intercellular communication'''
| Changes in cellular communication leading to inflammation and tissue dysfunction.
| Changes in cellular communication leading to inflammation and tissue dysfunction.
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|'''Splicing Dysregulation'''
|'''Microbiome disturbance (dysbiosis)'''
|Impaired RNA construction from DNA, leading to cellular dysfunction.
| rowspan="4" |'''Proposed New Hallmarks'''
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|'''Microbiome Disturbance'''
|Changes in gut microbiome affecting health and aging.
|Changes in gut microbiome affecting health and aging.
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|'''Altered Mechanical Properties'''
|Changes in cellular and extracellular structure affecting tissue function.
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|'''Inflammation (Inflammaging)'''
|'''Inflammation (Inflammaging)'''
|Systemic inflammation contributing to aging and related diseases.
|Systemic inflammation contributing to aging and related diseases.
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|'''Altered mechanical properties'''
|Changes in cellular and extracellular structure affecting tissue function.
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