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Hallmarks of Aging: Difference between revisions
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=== The 14 Hallmarks of Aging (2023) === | === The 14 Hallmarks of Aging (2023) === | ||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
! | |||
! Hallmark | ! Hallmark | ||
! Description | ! Description | ||
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!Level | !Level | ||
|- | |- | ||
|[[File:Simple DNA icon.svg|frameless|103x103px]] | |||
| '''Genomic instability''' | | '''Genomic instability''' | ||
| Accumulation of DNA damage over time leading to cellular dysfunction. | | Accumulation of DNA damage over time leading to cellular dysfunction. | ||
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| rowspan="6" |Molecular | | rowspan="6" |Molecular | ||
|- | |- | ||
|[[File:Telomeres.png|frameless|143x143px]] | |||
| '''Telomere attrition''' | | '''Telomere attrition''' | ||
| Reduction in the length of telomeres leading to cellular aging. | | Reduction in the length of telomeres leading to cellular aging. | ||
|- | |- | ||
|[[File:Epigenome.png|frameless|92x92px]] | |||
| '''Epigenetic alterations''' | | '''Epigenetic alterations''' | ||
| Changes in DNA methylation and histone modification affecting gene expression. | | Changes in DNA methylation and histone modification affecting gene expression. | ||
|- | |- | ||
|[[File:Spinach (RNA).jpg|frameless|75x75px]] | |||
|'''Splicing dysregulation''' | |'''Splicing dysregulation''' | ||
|Impaired RNA construction from DNA, leading to cellular dysfunction. | |Impaired RNA construction from DNA, leading to cellular dysfunction. | ||
|- | |- | ||
|[[File:Stress signaling.png|frameless|95x95px]] | |||
| '''Loss of proteostasis''' | | '''Loss of proteostasis''' | ||
| Disruption in protein folding and stability leading to cell damage. | | Disruption in protein folding and stability leading to cell damage. | ||
|- | |- | ||
|[[File:Macro-micro-autophagy.gif|frameless|101x101px]] | |||
|'''Compromised autophagy''' | |'''Compromised autophagy''' | ||
|Impaired cellular maintenance through the consumption of own components. | |Impaired cellular maintenance through the consumption of own components. | ||
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(responses to damage) | (responses to damage) | ||
|- | |- | ||
|[[File:Aiga restaurant knife-fork crossed.png|frameless|75x75px]] | |||
|'''Deregulated nutrient sensing''' | |'''Deregulated nutrient sensing''' | ||
| Alterations in nutrient sensing pathways affecting metabolism and aging. | | Alterations in nutrient sensing pathways affecting metabolism and aging. | ||
| rowspan="8" |Cellular & Organismal | | rowspan="8" |Cellular & Organismal | ||
|- | |- | ||
|[[File:Mitochondria 5 -- Smart-Servier.png|frameless|153x153px]] | |||
|'''Mitochondrial dysfunction''' | |'''Mitochondrial dysfunction''' | ||
| Decrease in mitochondrial efficiency and increase in oxidative stress. | | Decrease in mitochondrial efficiency and increase in oxidative stress. | ||
|- | |- | ||
|[[File:DALL·E 2023-10-15 05.28.43 - Photo of senescent cells magnified under a microscope, showing their characteristic enlarged and flattened morphology. The cells are stained with a bl.png|frameless|75x75px]] | |||
|[[Senescent Cells|'''Cellular senescence''']] | |[[Senescent Cells|'''Cellular senescence''']] | ||
| Accumulation of non-dividing, dysfunctional cells secreting harmful factors. | | Accumulation of non-dividing, dysfunctional cells secreting harmful factors. | ||
|- | |- | ||
|[[File:Stem cell differentiation.svg|frameless|106x106px]] | |||
|'''Stem cell exhaustion''' | |'''Stem cell exhaustion''' | ||
| Decline in the regenerative capacity of stem cells affecting tissue repair. | | Decline in the regenerative capacity of stem cells affecting tissue repair. | ||
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(culprits of the phenotype) | (culprits of the phenotype) | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | |||
|'''Altered intercellular communication''' | |'''Altered intercellular communication''' | ||
| Changes in cellular communication leading to inflammation and tissue dysfunction. | | Changes in cellular communication leading to inflammation and tissue dysfunction. | ||
|- | |- | ||
|[[File:202004 Gut microbiota.svg|frameless|75x75px]] | |||
|'''Microbiome disturbance (dysbiosis)''' | |'''Microbiome disturbance (dysbiosis)''' | ||
|Changes in gut microbiome affecting health and aging. | |Changes in gut microbiome affecting health and aging. | ||
|- | |- | ||
|[[File:Histopathology of acute and chronic inflammation of the gastro-esophageal junction, annotated.jpg|frameless|75x75px]] | |||
|'''Inflammation (Inflammaging)''' | |'''Inflammation (Inflammaging)''' | ||
|Systemic inflammation contributing to aging and related diseases. | |Systemic inflammation contributing to aging and related diseases. | ||
|- | |- | ||
|[[File:Cell structure (13080952404).jpg|frameless|99x99px]] | |||
|'''Altered mechanical properties''' | |'''Altered mechanical properties''' | ||
|Changes in cellular and extracellular structure affecting tissue function. | |Changes in cellular and extracellular structure affecting tissue function. | ||