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Trimethylglycine (TMG): Difference between revisions

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Trimethylglycine (TMG) (view source)

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Although trimethylglycine supplementation decreases the amount of [[wikipedia:Adipose_tissue|adipose tissue]] in pigs, research on human subjects has shown no effect on body weight, body composition, or resting energy expenditure when used in conjunction with a low calorie diet.<ref name="pmid12399266">{{cite journal|last1=Schwab|volume=76|doi-access=free|doi=10.1093/ajcn/76.5.961|pmid=12399266|date=November 2002|pages=961–967|issue=5|journal=Am. J. Clin. Nutr.|first1=U.|title=Betaine supplementation decreases plasma homocysteine concentrations but does not affect body weight, body composition, or resting energy expenditure in human subjects|display-authors=etal|first3=L.|last3=Toppinen|first2=A.|last2=Törrönen|title-link=doi}}</ref>
Although trimethylglycine supplementation decreases the amount of [[wikipedia:Adipose_tissue|adipose tissue]] in pigs, research on human subjects has shown no effect on body weight, body composition, or resting energy expenditure when used in conjunction with a low calorie diet.<ref name="pmid12399266">{{cite journal|last1=Schwab|volume=76|doi-access=free|doi=10.1093/ajcn/76.5.961|pmid=12399266|date=November 2002|pages=961–967|issue=5|journal=Am. J. Clin. Nutr.|first1=U.|title=Betaine supplementation decreases plasma homocysteine concentrations but does not affect body weight, body composition, or resting energy expenditure in human subjects|display-authors=etal|first3=L.|last3=Toppinen|first2=A.|last2=Törrönen|title-link=doi}}</ref>
= Positiv Effects =
Protective effects of TMG in experimental animal models, cell culture systems, and clinical studies.
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="1" rowspan="1" |Therapeutic Effects of TMG Administration
! colspan="1" rowspan="1" |Experimental Model
! colspan="1" rowspan="1" |Authors
|-
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |Prevents hepatic fat accumulation in ALD
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |Male Wistar rats; C57BL/6 mice; Balb/c mice
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |[23,27,83,115,121,157,158,160]
|-
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |Preserves/restores hepatic SAM: SAH ratios by regenerating SAM and lowering SAH and homocysteine levels in ALD
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |Male Wistar rats; hepatocytes; male C57BL/6 mice
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |[23,60,61,81,82,83,84,86,88,91,92,117,119,121,234,235]
|-
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |Restores activities of various liver methyltransferases (PEMT, ICMT, PIMT, PRMT) to increase phosphatidylcholine levels, preventing apoptosis and accumulation of damaged proteins, and restoring proteasome activity
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |Male Wistar rats; hepatocytes
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |[23,90,91,92]
|-
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |Suppresses the synthesis of DGAT2, a rate-limiting enzyme in triglyceride synthesis, by alleviating ERK1/2 inhibition in ALD
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |Male C57BL/6 mice
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |[121]
|-
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |Upregulates antioxidant defense system and improves oxyradical scavenging activity in ALD
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |Male Wistar rats
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |[133]
|-
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |Prevents/attenuates ER stress in ALD
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |Male C57BL/6 mice
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |[83]
|-
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |Exerts hepatoprotection by preserving mitochondrial function in ALD
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |Male Wistar rats
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |[61]
|-
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |Restores the serum adiponectin levels in ALD
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |Mice
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |[123]
|-
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |Prevents elevations of CD14, TNFα, COX2, GADD45β, LITAF, JAK3, TLR2, TLR4, IL1β, and PDCD4 and NOS2 mRNA levels in alcoholic liver injury
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |Male Wistar rats
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |[115,133]
|-
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |Prevents serum ALT and AST activity elevations in models of ALD and MAFLD
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |Male Wistar rats
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |[27,115,121]
|-
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |Reduces liver oxidant stress, inflammation, and apoptosis in MAFLD
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |Male C57BL/6 mice
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |[28]
|-
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |Remethylates homocysteine, protecting from oxidant stress and restoring phosphatidylcholine generation in MAFLD
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |C57BL/6 mice
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |[161]
|-
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |Stimulates β-oxidation in livers of MCD diet-induced MAFLD
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |Male Sprague-Dawley rats
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |[162]
|-
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |Alleviates steatosis and increases autophagosomes numbers in mouse livers with MAFLD
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |Male C57BL/6 mice; rats
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |[120,161]
|-
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |Enhances the conversion of existing WAT to brown adipose tissue through stimulating mitochondrial biogenesis in MAFLD
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |Mice
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |[203]
|-
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |Alleviates ROS-induced mitochondrial respiratory chain dysfunction in MAFLD
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |Male Sprague-Dawley rats
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |[163].
|-
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |Attenuates different grades of steatosis, inflammation, and fibrosis in MAFLD patients
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |Human trials
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |[45,165,166,167]
|-
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |Prevents adipose tissue dysfunction in ALD
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |Male C57BL/6 mice
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |[194]
|-
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |Reduces the inflammatory adipokines, IL6, TNFα, and leptin in human adipocytes
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |Human visceral adipocytes
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |[204]
|-
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |Inhibits lipid peroxidation, hepatic inflammation, and expression of transforming growth factor-β1 in liver fibrosis
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |Male chicks
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |[148]
|-
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |Suppresses alcoholic liver fibrosis
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |Rats
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |[116]
|-
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |Prevents the formation of Mallory–Denk bodies through epigenetic means by attenuating the decrease of MAT1A, SAHH, BHMT, and AMD1 expression
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |C3H male mice
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |[138]
|-
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |Reverses the inhibitory effects of acetaldehyde on IFN signaling and decreases de-methylation of STAT1 by JMJD6
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |HCV-infected Huh7.5 CYP2E1 (+) cells and human hepatocytes
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |[141,143]
|-
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |Enhances expression of PPARα and elevates fatty acid catabolism
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |Male C57BL/6 and ApoE−/− mice
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |[158].
|-
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |Inhibits lipogenic activity in liver by activation of AMPK
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |ApoE−/− mice; Male C57BL/6 mice
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |[159,160]
|-
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |Regulates colonic fluid balance
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |Rats
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |[21,200]
|-
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |Improves intestinal barrier function and maintains the gut microbiota
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |Porcine epithelial cells; Caco-2 cells; rat small intestinal cell line IEC-18
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |[22,197,198]
|-
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |Activates GI digestive enzymes and ameliorates intestinal morphology and microbiota dysbiosis
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |Male Sprague Dawley rats
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |[200]
|-
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |Attenuates alcoholic-induced pancreatic steatosis
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |Male Wistar rats
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |[125]
|-
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |Associated with resilience to anhedonia and prevention of stress-related psychiatric disorders
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |Male C57BL/6 mice
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |[218]
|-
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |Treats asthma-induced oxidative stress, thus improving airway function of lung tissue
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |BALB/C mice
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |[207]
|-
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |Protects against cadmium nephrotoxicity
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |Male Wistar rats
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |[206]
|-
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |Protects against isoprenaline-induced myocardial dysfunction
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |Male Wistar rats
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |[205]
|-
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |Anti-nociceptive and sedative role via interactions with opioidergic and GABA receptors
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |Male albino mice
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |[220]
|-
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |Normalizes fetal growth and reduces adiposity of progeny from obese mice
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |C57BL/6J mice
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |[229]
|-
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |Anti-cancer effect in alcohol-associated breast cancer cell growth and development
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |Breast adenocarcinoma cell line (MCF-7)
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |[213]
|-
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |Reduces rectal temperature in broiler chickens
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |Chickens
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |[226,227]
|-
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |Improves post-natal lamb survival
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |Lambs
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |[230]
|}


== Taking TMG ==
== Taking TMG ==
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