Trimethylglycine (TMG): Difference between revisions

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Although trimethylglycine supplementation decreases the amount of [[wikipedia:Adipose_tissue|adipose tissue]] in pigs, research on human subjects has shown no effect on body weight, body composition, or resting energy expenditure when used in conjunction with a low calorie diet.<ref name="pmid12399266">{{cite journal|last1=Schwab|volume=76|doi-access=free|doi=10.1093/ajcn/76.5.961|pmid=12399266|date=November 2002|pages=961–967|issue=5|journal=Am. J. Clin. Nutr.|first1=U.|title=Betaine supplementation decreases plasma homocysteine concentrations but does not affect body weight, body composition, or resting energy expenditure in human subjects|display-authors=etal|first3=L.|last3=Toppinen|first2=A.|last2=Törrönen|title-link=doi}}</ref>
Although trimethylglycine supplementation decreases the amount of [[wikipedia:Adipose_tissue|adipose tissue]] in pigs, research on human subjects has shown no effect on body weight, body composition, or resting energy expenditure when used in conjunction with a low calorie diet.<ref name="pmid12399266">{{cite journal|last1=Schwab|volume=76|doi-access=free|doi=10.1093/ajcn/76.5.961|pmid=12399266|date=November 2002|pages=961–967|issue=5|journal=Am. J. Clin. Nutr.|first1=U.|title=Betaine supplementation decreases plasma homocysteine concentrations but does not affect body weight, body composition, or resting energy expenditure in human subjects|display-authors=etal|first3=L.|last3=Toppinen|first2=A.|last2=Törrönen|title-link=doi}}</ref>


= Positiv Effects =
= Protective Effects =
Protective effects of TMG in experimental animal models, cell culture systems, and clinical studies.
Protective effects of TMG in experimental animal models, cell culture systems, and clinical studies. Removed ADL and MAFLD
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="1" rowspan="1" |Therapeutic Effects of TMG Administration
! colspan="1" rowspan="1" |Therapeutic Effects of TMG Administration
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! colspan="1" rowspan="1" |Authors
! colspan="1" rowspan="1" |Authors
|-
|-
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |Prevents hepatic fat accumulation in ALD
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |Male Wistar rats; C57BL/6 mice; Balb/c mice
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |Male Wistar rats; C57BL/6 mice; Balb/c mice
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |[23,27,83,115,121,157,158,160]
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |[23,27,83,115,121,157,158,160]
|-
|-
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |Preserves/restores hepatic SAM: SAH ratios by regenerating SAM and lowering SAH and homocysteine levels in ALD
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |Male Wistar rats; hepatocytes; male C57BL/6 mice
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |Male Wistar rats; hepatocytes; male C57BL/6 mice
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |[23,60,61,81,82,83,84,86,88,91,92,117,119,121,234,235]
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |[23,60,61,81,82,83,84,86,88,91,92,117,119,121,234,235]
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| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |[23,90,91,92]
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |[23,90,91,92]
|-
|-
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |Suppresses the synthesis of DGAT2, a rate-limiting enzyme in triglyceride synthesis, by alleviating ERK1/2 inhibition in ALD
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |Male C57BL/6 mice
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |Male C57BL/6 mice
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |[121]
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |[121]
|-
|-
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |Upregulates antioxidant defense system and improves oxyradical scavenging activity in ALD
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |Male Wistar rats
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |Male Wistar rats
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |[133]
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |[133]
|-
|-
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |Prevents/attenuates ER stress in ALD
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |Male C57BL/6 mice
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |Male C57BL/6 mice
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |[83]
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |[83]
|-
|-
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |Exerts hepatoprotection by preserving mitochondrial function in ALD
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |Male Wistar rats
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |Male Wistar rats
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |[61]
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |[61]
|-
|-
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |Restores the serum adiponectin levels in ALD
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |Mice
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |Mice
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |[123]
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |[123]
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| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |[115,133]
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |[115,133]
|-
|-
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |Prevents serum ALT and AST activity elevations in models of ALD and MAFLD
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |Male Wistar rats
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |Male Wistar rats
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |[27,115,121]
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |[27,115,121]
|-
|-
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |Reduces liver oxidant stress, inflammation, and apoptosis in MAFLD
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |Male C57BL/6 mice
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |Male C57BL/6 mice
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |[28]
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |[28]
|-
|-
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |Remethylates homocysteine, protecting from oxidant stress and restoring phosphatidylcholine generation in MAFLD
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |C57BL/6 mice
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |C57BL/6 mice
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |[161]
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |[161]
|-
|-
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |Stimulates β-oxidation in livers of MCD diet-induced MAFLD
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |Male Sprague-Dawley rats
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |Male Sprague-Dawley rats
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |[162]
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |[162]
|-
|-
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |Alleviates steatosis and increases autophagosomes numbers in mouse livers with MAFLD
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |Male C57BL/6 mice; rats
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |Male C57BL/6 mice; rats
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |[120,161]
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |[120,161]
|-
|-
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |Enhances the conversion of existing WAT to brown adipose tissue through stimulating mitochondrial biogenesis in MAFLD
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |Mice
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |Mice
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |[203]
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |[203]
|-
|-
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |Alleviates ROS-induced mitochondrial respiratory chain dysfunction in MAFLD
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |Male Sprague-Dawley rats
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |Male Sprague-Dawley rats
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |[163].
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |[163].
|-
|-
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |Attenuates different grades of steatosis, inflammation, and fibrosis in MAFLD patients
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |Human trials
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |Human trials
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |[45,165,166,167]
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |[45,165,166,167]
|-
|-
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |Prevents adipose tissue dysfunction in ALD
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |Male C57BL/6 mice
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |Male C57BL/6 mice
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |[194]
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |[194]