Trimethylglycine (TMG): Difference between revisions

! colspan="1" rowspan="1" |Therapeutic Effects of TMG Administration

! colspan="1" rowspan="1" |Experimental Model

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| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |Prevents hepatic fat accumulation in ALD

| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |Male Wistar rats; C57BL/6 mice; Balb/c mice

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| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |Preserves/restores hepatic SAM: SAH ratios by regenerating SAM and lowering SAH and homocysteine levels in ALD

| colspan="1" rowspan="1" | Male Wistar rats; hepatocytes; male C57BL/6 mice

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| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |Restores activities of various liver methyltransferases (PEMT, ICMT, PIMT, PRMT) to increase phosphatidylcholine levels, preventing apoptosis and accumulation of damaged proteins, and restoring proteasome activity

| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |Male Wistar rats; hepatocytes

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| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |Suppresses the synthesis of DGAT2, a rate-limiting enzyme in triglyceride synthesis, by alleviating ERK1/2 inhibition in ALD

| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |Male C57BL/6 mice

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| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |Upregulates antioxidant defense system and improves oxyradical scavenging activity in ALD

| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |Male Wistar rats

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| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |Prevents/attenuates ER stress in ALD

| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |Male C57BL/6 mice

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| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |Exerts hepatoprotection by preserving mitochondrial function in ALD

| colspan="1" rowspan="1" | Male Wistar rats

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| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |Restores the serum adiponectin levels in ALD

| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |Mice

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| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |Prevents elevations of CD14, TNFα, COX2, GADD45β, LITAF, JAK3, TLR2, TLR4, IL1β, and PDCD4 and NOS2 mRNA levels in alcoholic liver injury

| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |Male Wistar rats

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| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |Prevents serum ALT and AST activity elevations in models of ALD and MAFLD

| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |Male Wistar rats

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| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |Reduces liver oxidant stress, inflammation, and apoptosis in MAFLD

| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |Male C57BL/6 mice

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| colspan="1" rowspan="1" | Remethylates homocysteine, protecting from oxidant stress and restoring phosphatidylcholine generation in MAFLD

| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |C57BL/6 mice

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| colspan="1" rowspan="1" | Stimulates β-oxidation in livers of MCD diet-induced MAFLD

| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |Male Sprague-Dawley rats

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| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |Alleviates steatosis and increases autophagosomes numbers in mouse livers with MAFLD

| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |Male C57BL/6 mice; rats

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| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |Enhances the conversion of existing WAT to brown adipose tissue through stimulating mitochondrial biogenesis in MAFLD

| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |Mice

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| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |Alleviates ROS-induced mitochondrial respiratory chain dysfunction in MAFLD

| colspan="1" rowspan="1" | Male Sprague-Dawley rats

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| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |Attenuates different grades of steatosis, inflammation, and fibrosis in MAFLD patients

| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |Human trials

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| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |Prevents adipose tissue dysfunction in ALD

| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |Male C57BL/6 mice

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| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |Reduces the inflammatory adipokines, IL6, TNFα, and leptin in human adipocytes

| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |Human visceral adipocytes

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| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |Inhibits lipid peroxidation, hepatic inflammation, and expression of transforming growth factor-β1 in liver fibrosis

| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |Male chicks

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| colspan="1" rowspan="1" | Suppresses alcoholic liver fibrosis

| colspan="1" rowspan="1" | Rats

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| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |Prevents the formation of Mallory–Denk bodies through epigenetic means by attenuating the decrease of MAT1A, SAHH, BHMT, and AMD1 expression

| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |C3H male mice

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| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |Reverses the inhibitory effects of acetaldehyde on IFN signaling and decreases de-methylation of STAT1 by JMJD6

| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |HCV-infected Huh7.5 CYP2E1 (+) cells and human hepatocytes

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| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |Enhances expression of PPARα and elevates fatty acid catabolism

| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |Male C57BL/6 and ApoE−/− mice

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| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |Inhibits lipogenic activity in liver by activation of AMPK

| colspan="1" rowspan="1" | ApoE−/− mice; Male C57BL/6 mice

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| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |Regulates colonic fluid balance

| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |Rats

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| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |Improves intestinal barrier function and maintains the gut microbiota

| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |Porcine epithelial cells; Caco-2 cells; rat small intestinal cell line IEC-18

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| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |Activates GI digestive enzymes and ameliorates intestinal morphology and microbiota dysbiosis

| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |Male Sprague Dawley rats

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| colspan="1" rowspan="1" | Attenuates alcoholic-induced pancreatic steatosis

| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |Male Wistar rats

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| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |Associated with resilience to anhedonia and prevention of stress-related psychiatric disorders

| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |Male C57BL/6 mice

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| colspan="1" rowspan="1" | Treats asthma-induced oxidative stress, thus improving airway function of lung tissue

| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |BALB/C mice

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| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |Protects against cadmium nephrotoxicity

| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |Male Wistar rats

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| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |Protects against isoprenaline-induced myocardial dysfunction

| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |Male Wistar rats

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| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |Anti-nociceptive and sedative role via interactions with opioidergic and GABA receptors

| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |Male albino mice

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| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |Normalizes fetal growth and reduces adiposity of progeny from obese mice

| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |C57BL/6J mice

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| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |Anti-cancer effect in alcohol-associated breast cancer cell growth and development

| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |Breast adenocarcinoma cell line (MCF-7)

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| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |Reduces rectal temperature in broiler chickens

| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |Chickens

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| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |Improves post-natal lamb survival

| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |Lambs

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