Trimethylglycine (TMG): Difference between revisions

! Therapeutic Effects of TMG Administration

! Experimental Model

| Prevents hepatic fat accumulation in ALD

| Male Wistar rats; C57BL/6 mice; Balb/c mice

| Preserves/restores hepatic SAM: SAH ratios by regenerating SAM and lowering SAH and homocysteine levels in ALD

| Male Wistar rats; hepatocytes; male C57BL/6 mice

| Restores activities of various liver methyltransferases (PEMT, ICMT, PIMT, PRMT) to increase phosphatidylcholine levels, preventing apoptosis and accumulation of damaged proteins, and restoring proteasome activity

| Male Wistar rats; hepatocytes

| Suppresses the synthesis of DGAT2, a rate-limiting enzyme in triglyceride synthesis, by alleviating ERK1/2 inhibition in ALD

| Male C57BL/6 mice

| Upregulates antioxidant defense system and improves oxyradical scavenging activity in ALD

| Male Wistar rats

| Prevents/attenuates ER stress in ALD

| Male C57BL/6 mice

| Exerts hepatoprotection by preserving mitochondrial function in ALD

| Male Wistar rats

| Restores the serum adiponectin levels in ALD

| Mice

| Prevents elevations of CD14, TNFα, COX2, GADD45β, LITAF, JAK3, TLR2, TLR4, IL1β, and PDCD4 and NOS2 mRNA levels in alcoholic liver injury

| Male Wistar rats

| Prevents serum ALT and AST activity elevations in models of ALD and MAFLD

| Male Wistar rats

| Reduces liver oxidant stress, inflammation, and apoptosis in MAFLD

| Male C57BL/6 mice

| Remethylates homocysteine, protecting from oxidant stress and restoring phosphatidylcholine generation in MAFLD

| C57BL/6 mice

| Stimulates β-oxidation in livers of MCD diet-induced MAFLD

| Male Sprague-Dawley rats

| Alleviates steatosis and increases autophagosomes numbers in mouse livers with MAFLD

| Male C57BL/6 mice; rats

| Enhances the conversion of existing WAT to brown adipose tissue through stimulating mitochondrial biogenesis in MAFLD

| Mice

| Alleviates ROS-induced mitochondrial respiratory chain dysfunction in MAFLD

| Male Sprague-Dawley rats

| Attenuates different grades of steatosis, inflammation, and fibrosis in MAFLD patients

| Human trials

| Prevents adipose tissue dysfunction in ALD

| Male C57BL/6 mice

| Reduces the inflammatory adipokines, IL6, TNFα, and leptin in human adipocytes

| Human visceral adipocytes

| Inhibits lipid peroxidation, hepatic inflammation, and expression of transforming growth factor-β1 in liver fibrosis

| Male chicks

| Suppresses alcoholic liver fibrosis

| Rats

| Prevents the formation of Mallory–Denk bodies through epigenetic means by attenuating the decrease of MAT1A, SAHH, BHMT, and AMD1 expression

| C3H male mice

| Reverses the inhibitory effects of acetaldehyde on IFN signaling and decreases de-methylation of STAT1 by JMJD6

| HCV-infected Huh7.5 CYP2E1 (+) cells and human hepatocytes

| Enhances expression of PPARα and elevates fatty acid catabolism

| Male C57BL/6 and ApoE−/− mice

| Inhibits lipogenic activity in liver by activation of AMPK

| ApoE−/− mice; Male C57BL/6 mice

| Regulates colonic fluid balance

| Rats

| Improves intestinal barrier function and maintains the gut microbiota

| Porcine epithelial cells; Caco-2 cells; rat small intestinal cell line IEC-18

| Activates GI digestive enzymes and ameliorates intestinal morphology and microbiota dysbiosis

| Male Sprague Dawley rats

| Attenuates alcoholic-induced pancreatic steatosis

| Male Wistar rats

| Associated with resilience to anhedonia and prevention of stress-related psychiatric disorders

| Male C57BL/6 mice

| Treats asthma-induced oxidative stress, thus improving airway function of lung tissue

| BALB/C mice

| Protects against cadmium nephrotoxicity

| Male Wistar rats

| Protects against isoprenaline-induced myocardial dysfunction

| Male Wistar rats

| Anti-nociceptive and sedative role via interactions with opioidergic and GABA receptors

| Male albino mice

| Normalizes fetal growth and reduces adiposity of progeny from obese mice

| C57BL/6J mice

| Anti-cancer effect in alcohol-associated breast cancer cell growth and development

| Breast adenocarcinoma cell line (MCF-7)

| Reduces rectal temperature in broiler chickens

| Chickens

| Improves post-natal lamb survival

| Lambs