Trimethylglycine (TMG): Difference between revisions

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Protective effects of TMG in experimental animal models, cell culture systems, and clinical studies.
Protective effects of TMG in experimental animal models, cell culture systems, and clinical studies.
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{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="1" rowspan="1" |Therapeutic Effects of TMG Administration
! Therapeutic Effects of TMG Administration
! colspan="1" rowspan="1" |Experimental Model
! Experimental Model
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| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |Prevents hepatic fat accumulation in ALD
| Prevents hepatic fat accumulation in ALD
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |Male Wistar rats; C57BL/6 mice; Balb/c mice
| Male Wistar rats; C57BL/6 mice; Balb/c mice
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|-
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |Preserves/restores hepatic SAM: SAH ratios by regenerating SAM and lowering SAH and homocysteine levels in ALD
| Preserves/restores hepatic SAM: SAH ratios by regenerating SAM and lowering SAH and homocysteine levels in ALD
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" | Male Wistar rats; hepatocytes; male C57BL/6 mice
| Male Wistar rats; hepatocytes; male C57BL/6 mice
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|-
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |Restores activities of various liver methyltransferases (PEMT, ICMT, PIMT, PRMT) to increase phosphatidylcholine levels, preventing apoptosis and accumulation of damaged proteins, and restoring proteasome activity
| Restores activities of various liver methyltransferases (PEMT, ICMT, PIMT, PRMT) to increase phosphatidylcholine levels, preventing apoptosis and accumulation of damaged proteins, and restoring proteasome activity
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |Male Wistar rats; hepatocytes
| Male Wistar rats; hepatocytes
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|-
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |Suppresses the synthesis of DGAT2, a rate-limiting enzyme in triglyceride synthesis, by alleviating ERK1/2 inhibition in ALD
| Suppresses the synthesis of DGAT2, a rate-limiting enzyme in triglyceride synthesis, by alleviating ERK1/2 inhibition in ALD
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |Male C57BL/6 mice
| Male C57BL/6 mice
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|-
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |Upregulates antioxidant defense system and improves oxyradical scavenging activity in ALD
| Upregulates antioxidant defense system and improves oxyradical scavenging activity in ALD
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |Male Wistar rats
| Male Wistar rats
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|-
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |Prevents/attenuates ER stress in ALD
| Prevents/attenuates ER stress in ALD
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |Male C57BL/6 mice
| Male C57BL/6 mice
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|-
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |Exerts hepatoprotection by preserving mitochondrial function in ALD
| Exerts hepatoprotection by preserving mitochondrial function in ALD
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" | Male Wistar rats
| Male Wistar rats
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|-
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |Restores the serum adiponectin levels in ALD
| Restores the serum adiponectin levels in ALD
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |Mice
| Mice
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| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |Prevents elevations of CD14, TNFα, COX2, GADD45β, LITAF, JAK3, TLR2, TLR4, IL1β, and PDCD4 and NOS2 mRNA levels in alcoholic liver injury
| Prevents elevations of CD14, TNFα, COX2, GADD45β, LITAF, JAK3, TLR2, TLR4, IL1β, and PDCD4 and NOS2 mRNA levels in alcoholic liver injury
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |Male Wistar rats
| Male Wistar rats
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|-
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |Prevents serum ALT and AST activity elevations in models of ALD and MAFLD
| Prevents serum ALT and AST activity elevations in models of ALD and MAFLD
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |Male Wistar rats
| Male Wistar rats
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|-
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |Reduces liver oxidant stress, inflammation, and apoptosis in MAFLD
| Reduces liver oxidant stress, inflammation, and apoptosis in MAFLD
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |Male C57BL/6 mice
| Male C57BL/6 mice
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|-
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" | Remethylates homocysteine, protecting from oxidant stress and restoring phosphatidylcholine generation in MAFLD
| Remethylates homocysteine, protecting from oxidant stress and restoring phosphatidylcholine generation in MAFLD
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |C57BL/6 mice
| C57BL/6 mice
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|-
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" | Stimulates β-oxidation in livers of MCD diet-induced MAFLD
| Stimulates β-oxidation in livers of MCD diet-induced MAFLD
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |Male Sprague-Dawley rats
| Male Sprague-Dawley rats
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|-
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |Alleviates steatosis and increases autophagosomes numbers in mouse livers with MAFLD
| Alleviates steatosis and increases autophagosomes numbers in mouse livers with MAFLD
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |Male C57BL/6 mice; rats
| Male C57BL/6 mice; rats
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|-
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |Enhances the conversion of existing WAT to brown adipose tissue through stimulating mitochondrial biogenesis in MAFLD
| Enhances the conversion of existing WAT to brown adipose tissue through stimulating mitochondrial biogenesis in MAFLD
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |Mice
| Mice
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|-
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |Alleviates ROS-induced mitochondrial respiratory chain dysfunction in MAFLD
| Alleviates ROS-induced mitochondrial respiratory chain dysfunction in MAFLD
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" | Male Sprague-Dawley rats
| Male Sprague-Dawley rats
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|-
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |Attenuates different grades of steatosis, inflammation, and fibrosis in MAFLD patients
| Attenuates different grades of steatosis, inflammation, and fibrosis in MAFLD patients
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |Human trials
| Human trials
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| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |Prevents adipose tissue dysfunction in ALD
| Prevents adipose tissue dysfunction in ALD
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |Male C57BL/6 mice
| Male C57BL/6 mice
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|-
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |Reduces the inflammatory adipokines, IL6, TNFα, and leptin in human adipocytes
| Reduces the inflammatory adipokines, IL6, TNFα, and leptin in human adipocytes
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |Human visceral adipocytes
| Human visceral adipocytes
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| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |Inhibits lipid peroxidation, hepatic inflammation, and expression of transforming growth factor-β1 in liver fibrosis
| Inhibits lipid peroxidation, hepatic inflammation, and expression of transforming growth factor-β1 in liver fibrosis
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |Male chicks
| Male chicks
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| colspan="1" rowspan="1" | Suppresses alcoholic liver fibrosis
| Suppresses alcoholic liver fibrosis
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" | Rats
| Rats
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| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |Prevents the formation of Mallory–Denk bodies through epigenetic means by attenuating the decrease of MAT1A, SAHH, BHMT, and AMD1 expression
| Prevents the formation of Mallory–Denk bodies through epigenetic means by attenuating the decrease of MAT1A, SAHH, BHMT, and AMD1 expression
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |C3H male mice
| C3H male mice
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| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |Reverses the inhibitory effects of acetaldehyde on IFN signaling and decreases de-methylation of STAT1 by JMJD6
| Reverses the inhibitory effects of acetaldehyde on IFN signaling and decreases de-methylation of STAT1 by JMJD6
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |HCV-infected Huh7.5 CYP2E1 (+) cells and human hepatocytes
| HCV-infected Huh7.5 CYP2E1 (+) cells and human hepatocytes
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|-
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |Enhances expression of PPARα and elevates fatty acid catabolism
| Enhances expression of PPARα and elevates fatty acid catabolism
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |Male C57BL/6 and ApoE−/− mice
| Male C57BL/6 and ApoE−/− mice
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|-
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |Inhibits lipogenic activity in liver by activation of AMPK
| Inhibits lipogenic activity in liver by activation of AMPK
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" | ApoE−/− mice; Male C57BL/6 mice
| ApoE−/− mice; Male C57BL/6 mice
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| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |Regulates colonic fluid balance
| Regulates colonic fluid balance
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |Rats
| Rats
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| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |Improves intestinal barrier function and maintains the gut microbiota
| Improves intestinal barrier function and maintains the gut microbiota
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |Porcine epithelial cells; Caco-2 cells; rat small intestinal cell line IEC-18
| Porcine epithelial cells; Caco-2 cells; rat small intestinal cell line IEC-18
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| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |Activates GI digestive enzymes and ameliorates intestinal morphology and microbiota dysbiosis
| Activates GI digestive enzymes and ameliorates intestinal morphology and microbiota dysbiosis
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |Male Sprague Dawley rats
| Male Sprague Dawley rats
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|-
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" | Attenuates alcoholic-induced pancreatic steatosis
| Attenuates alcoholic-induced pancreatic steatosis
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |Male Wistar rats
| Male Wistar rats
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| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |Associated with resilience to anhedonia and prevention of stress-related psychiatric disorders
| Associated with resilience to anhedonia and prevention of stress-related psychiatric disorders
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |Male C57BL/6 mice
| Male C57BL/6 mice
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|-
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" | Treats asthma-induced oxidative stress, thus improving airway function of lung tissue
| Treats asthma-induced oxidative stress, thus improving airway function of lung tissue
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |BALB/C mice
| BALB/C mice
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| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |Protects against cadmium nephrotoxicity
| Protects against cadmium nephrotoxicity
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |Male Wistar rats
| Male Wistar rats
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|-
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |Protects against isoprenaline-induced myocardial dysfunction
| Protects against isoprenaline-induced myocardial dysfunction
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |Male Wistar rats
| Male Wistar rats
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| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |Anti-nociceptive and sedative role via interactions with opioidergic and GABA receptors
| Anti-nociceptive and sedative role via interactions with opioidergic and GABA receptors
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |Male albino mice
| Male albino mice
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| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |Normalizes fetal growth and reduces adiposity of progeny from obese mice
| Normalizes fetal growth and reduces adiposity of progeny from obese mice
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |C57BL/6J mice
| C57BL/6J mice
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| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |Anti-cancer effect in alcohol-associated breast cancer cell growth and development
| Anti-cancer effect in alcohol-associated breast cancer cell growth and development
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |Breast adenocarcinoma cell line (MCF-7)
| Breast adenocarcinoma cell line (MCF-7)
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| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |Reduces rectal temperature in broiler chickens
| Reduces rectal temperature in broiler chickens
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |Chickens
| Chickens
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| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |Improves post-natal lamb survival
| Improves post-natal lamb survival
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |Lambs
| Lambs
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