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Trimethylglycine (TMG): Difference between revisions

Trimethylglycine (TMG) (view source)

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*'''Pregnant or Breastfeeding Women''': There is limited research on the safety of TMG supplementation during pregnancy and breastfeeding; thus, consultation with a healthcare professional is advised.
*'''Pregnant or Breastfeeding Women''': There is limited research on the safety of TMG supplementation during pregnancy and breastfeeding; thus, consultation with a healthcare professional is advised.
*'''Pre-existing Health Conditions''': Individuals with pre-existing health conditions, particularly those affecting the liver, should consult a healthcare professional before beginning TMG supplementation.
*'''Pre-existing Health Conditions''': Individuals with pre-existing health conditions, particularly those affecting the liver, should consult a healthcare professional before beginning TMG supplementation.
==Studies==
Protective effects of TMG in experimental animal models, cell culture systems, and clinical studies.
{| class="wikitable"
!Therapeutic Effects of TMG Administration
!Experimental Model
!{{VerticalText|Heart Health and Homocysteine Levels}}
!{{VerticalText|Liver Function and Detoxification}}
!{{VerticalText|Stress Resistance and Cellular Hydration}}
!{{VerticalText|Support in Metabolic Processes}}
!{{VerticalText|Mood and Well-being}}
|-
|Prevents hepatic fat accumulation in ALD
|Male [[Wistar rats]]; [[C57BL/6 mice]]; [[BALB/c mice]]
|
|X
|
|
|
|-
|Preserves/restores hepatic SAM: SAH ratios by regenerating SAM and lowering SAH and homocysteine levels in ALD
|Male [[Wistar rats]]; hepatocytes; male [[C57BL/6 mice]]
| X
|X
|
|
|
|-
|Restores activities of various liver methyltransferases (PEMT, ICMT, PIMT, PRMT) to increase phosphatidylcholine levels, preventing apoptosis and accumulation of damaged proteins, and restoring proteasome activity
|Male [[Wistar rats]]; hepatocytes
|
|X
|
|
|
|-
|Suppresses the synthesis of DGAT2, a rate-limiting enzyme in triglyceride synthesis, by alleviating ERK1/2 inhibition in ALD
|Male [[C57BL/6 mice]]
|
|X
|
|
|
|-
|Upregulates antioxidant defense system and improves oxyradical scavenging activity in ALD
|Male [[Wistar rats]]
|
|X
|X
|
|
|-
|Prevents/attenuates ER stress in ALD
| Male [[C57BL/6 mice]]
|
|X
|X
|
|
|-
| Exerts hepatoprotection by preserving mitochondrial function in ALD
|Male [[Wistar rats]]
|
|X
|
|
|
|-
|Restores the serum adiponectin levels in ALD
|Mice
|
|X
|
|X
|
|-
|Prevents elevations of CD14, TNFα, COX2, GADD45β, LITAF, JAK3, TLR2, TLR4, IL1β, and PDCD4 and NOS2 mRNA levels in alcoholic liver injury
|Male [[Wistar rats]]
|
|X
|
|
|
|-
|Prevents serum ALT and AST activity elevations in models of ALD and MAFLD
|Male [[Wistar rats]]
|
|X
|
|
|
|-
|Reduces liver oxidant stress, inflammation, and apoptosis in MAFLD
| Male [[C57BL/6 mice]]
|
| X
|X
|
|
|-
|Remethylates homocysteine, protecting from oxidant stress and restoring phosphatidylcholine generation in MAFLD
|[[C57BL/6 mice]]
|X
|X
|
|
|
|-
|Stimulates β-oxidation in livers of MCD diet-induced MAFLD
|Male [[Sprague-Dawley rats]]
|
|X
|
|X
|
|-
|Alleviates steatosis and increases autophagosomes numbers in mouse livers with MAFLD
| Male [[C57BL/6 mice]]; rats
|
|X
|
|X
|
|-
|Enhances the conversion of existing WAT to brown adipose tissue through stimulating mitochondrial biogenesis in MAFLD
| Mice
|
|X
|
|X
|
|-
|Alleviates ROS-induced mitochondrial respiratory chain dysfunction in MAFLD
|Male [[Sprague-Dawley rats]]
|
|X
|X
|X
|
|-
|Attenuates different grades of steatosis, inflammation, and fibrosis in MAFLD patients
|Human trials
|
|X
|
|X
|
|-
|Prevents adipose tissue dysfunction in ALD
| Male [[C57BL/6 mice]]
|
|X
|
|X
|
|-
|Reduces the inflammatory adipokines, IL6, TNFα, and leptin in human adipocytes
|Human visceral adipocytes
|
|X
|
|
|X
|-
| Inhibits lipid peroxidation, hepatic inflammation, and expression of transforming growth factor-β1 in liver fibrosis
|Male chicks
|
|X
| X
|
|
|-
|Suppresses alcoholic liver fibrosis
|Rats
|
|X
|X
|
|
|-
|Prevents the formation of Mallory–Denk bodies through epigenetic means by attenuating the decrease of MAT1A, SAHH, BHMT, and AMD1 expression
|Male [[C3H mice]]
|
|X
|
|
|
|-
|Reverses the inhibitory effects of acetaldehyde on IFN signaling and decreases de-methylation of STAT1 by JMJD6
|HCV-infected Huh7.5 CYP2E1 (+) cells and human hepatocytes
|
|X
|X
|
|
|-
|Enhances expression of PPARα and elevates fatty acid catabolism
|Male [[C57BL/6 mice|C57BL/6]] and [[ApoE−/− mice]]
|
|X
|
|X
|
|-
|Inhibits lipogenic activity in liver by activation of AMPK
|[[ApoE−/− mice]]; Male [[C57BL/6 mice]]
|
|X
|
|X
|
|-
|Regulates colonic fluid balance
|Rats
|
|
|
|X
|X
|-
|Improves intestinal barrier function and maintains the gut microbiota
|Porcine epithelial cells; Caco-2 cells; rat small intestinal cell line IEC-18
|
|
|
|X
|X
|-
|Activates GI digestive enzymes and ameliorates intestinal morphology and microbiota dysbiosis
|Male [[Sprague Dawley rats]]
|
|
|
|X
|X
|-
|Attenuates alcoholic-induced pancreatic steatosis
|Male [[Wistar rats]]
|
|X
|
|X
|
|-
|Associated with resilience to anhedonia and prevention of stress-related psychiatric disorders
|Male [[C57BL/6 mice]]
|
|
|X
|
|X
|-
|Treats asthma-induced oxidative stress, thus improving airway function of lung tissue
|[[BALB/c mice]]
|
|
|X
|
|
|-
|Protects against cadmium nephrotoxicity
|Male [[Wistar rats]]
|
|X
|X
|
|
|-
|Protects against isoprenaline-induced myocardial dysfunction
|Male [[Wistar rats]]
|X
|
|
|
|
|-
|Anti-nociceptive and sedative role via interactions with opioidergic and GABA receptors
|Male albino mice
|
|
|X
|
|X
|-
|Normalizes fetal growth and reduces adiposity of progeny from obese mice
|[[C57BL/6 mice|C57BL/6J mice]]
|
|
|
|X
|
|-
|Anti-cancer effect in alcohol-associated breast cancer cell growth and development
|Breast adenocarcinoma cell line (MCF-7)
|
|X
|
|
|
|-
|Reduces rectal temperature in broiler chickens
|Chickens
|
|
|X
|
|
|-
|Improves post-natal lamb survival
|Lambs
|
|
|X
|X
|
|}
==See also==
==See also==


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