Caloric Restriction: Difference between revisions

Specifically in the USA, the results of animal experiments have led to many practitioners adopting calorie restriction, particularly in [[California]].<ref name="abs2009" /> A group of these practitioners formed the ''Calorie Restriction Society''. Excessive calorie reduction always carries the risk of malnutrition, which can negatively affect physical and mental health. There are repeated warnings about potential [[Eating disorder|eating disorders]] with calorie restriction. On the other hand, a study showed that calorie restriction does not lead to an increase in [[Anorexia nervosa|anorexia]] or [[Bulimia nervosa|bulimia]]. The psychological effects of calorie restriction were evaluated as positive in this study.{{cite journal|pmid=18248104|title=Is Caloric Restriction Associated With Development of Eating-Disorder Symptoms? Results From the CALERIE Trial|journal=[[Health Psychology]]|volume=27|year=2008|pages=S32–S42|first=D. A. Williamson et al.}}

Long-term [[Malnutrition|undernutrition]] can, besides positive effects, also lead to various [[Deficiency disease|deficiency diseases]]. Developmental disorders can occur in minors. Cold sensitivity may increase.{{cite journal|pmc=2786899|title=Cellular mechanisms of cardioprotection by calorie restriction: state of the science and future perspectives|publisher=Ncbi.nlm.nih.gov|date=2012-10-19|pmid=19944269|doi=10.1016/j.cger.2009.07.002|volume=25|issue=4|journal=Clin. Geriatr. Med.|pages=715–32, ix|first=E. Marzetti et al.}}

Ovulation can be suspended in women with very low BMI, resulting in temporary infertility.

{{cite journal|pmc=2786899|pmid=19944269}}

In the [[Minnesota Starvation Experiment]], anemia, edema in the lower extremities, muscle wasting, weakness, neurological impairments, dizziness, irritability, lethargy, and depression were observed in adult males undergoing a six-month calorie restriction with a 90% carbohydrate diet.{{cite book|last1=Keys|first1=A.|last2=Brozek|first2=J.|last3=Henschels|first3=A.|last4=Mickelsen|first4=O.|last5=Taylor|first5=H.|title=The Biology of Human Starvation|year=1950|volume=2|publisher=University of Minnesota Press|location=Minneapolis|page=1133}}

Short-term calorie restriction can lead to muscle wasting and reduced [[Bone density|bone density]].{{cite journal|last1=Morley|first1=John E|last2=Chahla|first2=Elie|last3=Alkaade|first3=Saad|title=Antiaging, longevity and calorie restriction|journal=Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition and Metabolic Care|volume=13|issue=1|pages=40–5|year=2010|pmid=19851100|doi=10.1097/MCO.0b013e3283331384}}