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Hallmarks of Aging: Difference between revisions

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!Level
!Level
|-
|-
|[[File:DNA Structure+Key+Labelled.pn NoBB.png|frameless|76x76px]]
| style="text-align:center;" |[[File:DNA Structure+Key+Labelled.pn NoBB.png|frameless|76x76px]]
| '''Genomic instability'''
| '''Genomic instability'''
| Accumulation of DNA damage over time leading to cellular dysfunction.
| Accumulation of DNA damage over time leading to cellular dysfunction.
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| rowspan="6" |Molecular
| rowspan="6" |Molecular
|-
|-
|[[File:Telomeres transparent.png|frameless|88x88px]]
|style="text-align:center;" |[[File:Telomeres transparent.png|frameless|88x88px]]
| '''Telomere attrition'''
| '''Telomere attrition'''
| Reduction in the length of telomeres leading to cellular aging.
| Reduction in the length of telomeres leading to cellular aging.
|-
|-
|[[File:Epigenome-transparent-upscale.png|frameless|85x85px]]
|style="text-align:center;" |[[File:Epigenome-transparent-upscale.png|frameless|85x85px]]
| '''Epigenetic alterations'''
| '''Epigenetic alterations'''
| Changes in DNA methylation and histone modification affecting gene expression.
| Changes in DNA methylation and histone modification affecting gene expression.
|-
|-
|[[File:Spinach (RNA).jpg|frameless|75x75px]]
|style="text-align:center;" |[[File:Spinach (RNA).jpg|frameless|75x75px]]
|'''Splicing dysregulation'''
|'''Splicing dysregulation'''
|Impaired RNA construction from DNA, leading to cellular dysfunction.
|Impaired RNA construction from DNA, leading to cellular dysfunction.
|-
|-
|[[File:Stress signaling.png|frameless|95x95px]]
|style="text-align:center;" |[[File:Stress signaling.png|frameless|95x95px]]
| '''Loss of proteostasis'''
| '''Loss of proteostasis'''
| Disruption in protein folding and stability leading to cell damage.
| Disruption in protein folding and stability leading to cell damage.
|-
|-
|[[File:Macro-micro-autophagy.gif|frameless|101x101px]]
|style="text-align:center;" |[[File:Macro-micro-autophagy.gif|frameless|101x101px]]
|'''Compromised autophagy'''
|'''Compromised autophagy'''
|Impaired cellular maintenance through the consumption of own components.
|Impaired cellular maintenance through the consumption of own components.
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(responses to damage)
(responses to damage)
|-
|-
|[[File:Aiga restaurant knife-fork crossed.png|frameless|75x75px]]
|style="text-align:center;" |[[File:Aiga restaurant knife-fork crossed.png|frameless|75x75px]]
|'''Deregulated nutrient sensing'''
|'''Deregulated nutrient sensing'''
| Alterations in nutrient sensing pathways affecting metabolism and aging.
| Alterations in nutrient sensing pathways affecting metabolism and aging.
| rowspan="8" |Cellular & Organismal
| rowspan="8" |Cellular & Organismal
|-
|-
|[[File:Mitochondrion mini.svg|frameless|92x92px]]
|style="text-align:center;" |[[File:Mitochondrion mini.svg|frameless|92x92px]]
|'''Mitochondrial dysfunction'''
|'''Mitochondrial dysfunction'''
| Decrease in mitochondrial efficiency and increase in oxidative stress.
| Decrease in mitochondrial efficiency and increase in oxidative stress.
|-
|-
|[[File:DALL·E 2023-10-15 05.28.43 - Photo of senescent cells magnified under a microscope, showing their characteristic enlarged and flattened morphology. The cells are stained with a bl.png|frameless|75x75px]]
|style="text-align:center;" |[[File:DALL·E 2023-10-15 05.28.43 - Photo of senescent cells magnified under a microscope, showing their characteristic enlarged and flattened morphology. The cells are stained with a bl.png|frameless|75x75px]]
|[[Senescent Cells|'''Cellular senescence''']]
|[[Senescent Cells|'''Cellular senescence''']]
| Accumulation of non-dividing, dysfunctional cells secreting harmful factors.
| Accumulation of non-dividing, dysfunctional cells secreting harmful factors.
|-
|-
|[[File:Stem cell differentiation.svg|frameless|106x106px]]
|style="text-align:center;" |[[File:Stem cell differentiation.svg|frameless|106x106px]]
|'''Stem cell exhaustion'''
|'''Stem cell exhaustion'''
| Decline in the regenerative capacity of stem cells affecting tissue repair.
| Decline in the regenerative capacity of stem cells affecting tissue repair.
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(culprits of the phenotype)
(culprits of the phenotype)
|-
|-
|
|style="text-align:center;" |
|'''Altered intercellular communication'''
|'''Altered intercellular communication'''
| Changes in cellular communication leading to inflammation and tissue dysfunction.
| Changes in cellular communication leading to inflammation and tissue dysfunction.
|-
|-
|[[File:202004 Gut microbiota.svg|frameless|75x75px]]
|style="text-align:center;" |[[File:202004 Gut microbiota.svg|frameless|75x75px]]
|'''Microbiome disturbance (dysbiosis)'''
|'''Microbiome disturbance (dysbiosis)'''
|Changes in gut microbiome affecting health and aging.
|Changes in gut microbiome affecting health and aging.
|-
|-
|[[File:Histopathology of acute and chronic inflammation of the gastro-esophageal junction, annotated.jpg|frameless|75x75px]]
|style="text-align:center;" |[[File:Histopathology of acute and chronic inflammation of the gastro-esophageal junction, annotated.jpg|frameless|75x75px]]
|'''Inflammation (Inflammaging)'''
|'''Inflammation (Inflammaging)'''
|Systemic inflammation contributing to aging and related diseases.
|Systemic inflammation contributing to aging and related diseases.
|-
|-
|[[File:Cell structure (13080952404).jpg|frameless|99x99px]]
|style="text-align:center;" |[[File:Cell structure (13080952404).jpg|frameless|99x99px]]
|'''Altered mechanical properties'''
|'''Altered mechanical properties'''
|Changes in cellular and extracellular structure affecting tissue function.
|Changes in cellular and extracellular structure affecting tissue function.
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