2,851
edits
Hallmarks of Aging: Difference between revisions
→The 14 Hallmarks of Aging (2022)
| Line 72: | Line 72: | ||
|- | |- | ||
| style="text-align:center;" |[[File:DNA Structure+Key+Labelled.pn NoBB.png|frameless|76x76px]] | | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:DNA Structure+Key+Labelled.pn NoBB.png|frameless|76x76px]] | ||
| '''Genomic instability''' | | style="background-color:hsla(180, 100%, 75%);" |'''Genomic instability''' | ||
| Accumulation of DNA damage over time leading to cellular dysfunction. | | style="background-color:hsla(180, 100%, 75%);" |Accumulation of DNA damage over time leading to cellular dysfunction. | ||
| rowspan="5" |'''Primary Hallmarks''' | | rowspan="5" |'''Primary Hallmarks''' | ||
(causes damage) | (causes damage) | ||
| rowspan="6" |Molecular | | rowspan="6" |Molecular | ||
|- | |- | ||
|style="text-align:center;" |[[File:Telomeres transparent.png|frameless|88x88px]] | | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:Telomeres transparent.png|frameless|88x88px]] | ||
| '''Telomere attrition''' | | style="background-color:hsla(180, 100%, 75%);" |'''Telomere attrition''' | ||
| Reduction in the length of telomeres leading to cellular aging. | | style="background-color:hsla(180, 100%, 75%);" |Reduction in the length of telomeres leading to cellular aging. | ||
|- | |- | ||
|style="text-align:center;" |[[File:Epigenome-transparent-upscale.png|frameless|85x85px]] | | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:Epigenome-transparent-upscale.png|frameless|85x85px]] | ||
| '''Epigenetic alterations''' | | style="background-color:hsla(180, 100%, 75%);" |'''Epigenetic alterations''' | ||
| Changes in DNA methylation and histone modification affecting gene expression. | | style="background-color:hsla(180, 100%, 75%);" |Changes in DNA methylation and histone modification affecting gene expression. | ||
|- | |- | ||
|style="text-align:center;" |[[File:Spinach (RNA).jpg|frameless|75x75px]] | | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:Spinach (RNA).jpg|frameless|75x75px]] | ||
|'''Splicing dysregulation''' | | style="background-color:hsla(180, 100%, 75%);" |'''Splicing dysregulation''' | ||
'''(Dysregulation in RNA splicing)''' | '''(Dysregulation in RNA splicing)''' | ||
|Impaired RNA construction from DNA, leading to cellular dysfunction. | | style="background-color:hsla(180, 100%, 75%);" |Impaired RNA construction from DNA, leading to cellular dysfunction. | ||
|- | |- | ||
|style="text-align:center;" |[[File:Stress signaling.png|frameless|95x95px]] | | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:Stress signaling.png|frameless|95x95px]] | ||
| '''Loss of proteostasis''' | | style="background-color:hsla(210, 100%, 75%);" |'''Loss of proteostasis''' | ||
| Disruption in protein folding and stability leading to cell damage. | | style="background-color:hsla(210, 100%, 75%);" |Disruption in protein folding and stability leading to cell damage. | ||
|- | |- | ||
|style="text-align:center;" |[[File:Macro-micro-autophagy.gif|frameless|101x101px]] | | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:Macro-micro-autophagy.gif|frameless|101x101px]] | ||
|'''Compromised autophagy''' | | style="background-color:hsla(210, 100%, 75%);" |'''Compromised autophagy''' | ||
|Impaired cellular maintenance through the consumption of own components. | | style="background-color:hsla(210, 100%, 75%);" | Impaired cellular maintenance through the consumption of own components. | ||
| rowspan="4" |'''Antagonistic Hallmarks''' | | rowspan="4" |'''Antagonistic Hallmarks''' | ||
(responses to damage) | (responses to damage) | ||
|- | |- | ||
|style="text-align:center;" |[[File:Aiga restaurant knife-fork crossed.png|frameless|75x75px]] | | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:Aiga restaurant knife-fork crossed.png|frameless|75x75px]] | ||
|'''Deregulated nutrient sensing''' | | style="background-color:hsla(0, 100%, 75%);" |'''Deregulated nutrient sensing''' | ||
| Alterations in nutrient sensing pathways affecting metabolism and aging. | | style="background-color:hsla(0, 100%, 75%);" | Alterations in nutrient sensing pathways affecting metabolism and aging. | ||
| rowspan="8" |Cellular & Organismal | | rowspan="8" |Cellular & Organismal | ||
|- | |- | ||
|style="text-align:center;" |[[File:Mitochondrion mini.svg|frameless|92x92px]] | | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:Mitochondrion mini.svg|frameless|92x92px]] | ||
|'''Mitochondrial dysfunction''' | | style="background-color:hsla(0, 100%, 75%);" |'''Mitochondrial dysfunction''' | ||
| Decrease in mitochondrial efficiency and increase in oxidative stress. | | style="background-color:hsla(0, 100%, 75%);" | Decrease in mitochondrial efficiency and increase in oxidative stress. | ||
|- | |- | ||
|style="text-align:center;" |[[File:DALL·E 2023-10-15 05.28.43 - Photo of senescent cells magnified under a microscope, showing their characteristic enlarged and flattened morphology. The cells are stained with a bl.png|frameless|75x75px]] | | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:DALL·E 2023-10-15 05.28.43 - Photo of senescent cells magnified under a microscope, showing their characteristic enlarged and flattened morphology. The cells are stained with a bl.png|frameless|75x75px]] | ||
|[[Senescent Cells|'''Cellular senescence''']] | | style="background-color:hsla(30, 100%, 75%);" |[[Senescent Cells|'''Cellular senescence''']] | ||
| Accumulation of non-dividing, dysfunctional cells secreting harmful factors. | | style="background-color:hsla(30, 100%, 75%);" |Accumulation of non-dividing, dysfunctional cells secreting harmful factors. | ||
|- | |- | ||
|style="text-align:center;" |[[File:Stem cell differentiation.svg|frameless|106x106px]] | | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:Stem cell differentiation.svg|frameless|106x106px]] | ||
|'''Stem cell exhaustion''' | | style="background-color:hsla(30, 100%, 75%);" |'''Stem cell exhaustion''' | ||
| Decline in the regenerative capacity of stem cells affecting tissue repair. | | style="background-color:hsla(30, 100%, 75%);" |Decline in the regenerative capacity of stem cells affecting tissue repair. | ||
| rowspan="5" |'''Integrative Hallmarks''' | | rowspan="5" |'''Integrative Hallmarks''' | ||
(culprits of the phenotype) | (culprits of the phenotype) | ||
|- | |- | ||
|style="text-align:center;" | | | style="text-align:center;" | | ||
|'''Altered intercellular communication''' | | style="background-color:hsla(30, 100%, 75%);" |'''Altered intercellular communication''' | ||
| Changes in cellular communication leading to inflammation and tissue dysfunction. | | style="background-color:hsla(30, 100%, 75%);" |Changes in cellular communication leading to inflammation and tissue dysfunction. | ||
|- | |- | ||
|style="text-align:center;" |[[File:202004 Gut microbiota.svg|frameless|75x75px]] | | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:202004 Gut microbiota.svg|frameless|75x75px]] | ||
|'''Microbiome disturbance''' | | style="background-color:hsla(30, 100%, 75%);" |'''Microbiome disturbance''' | ||
'''(Dysbiosis)''' | '''(Dysbiosis)''' | ||
|Changes in gut microbiome affecting health and aging. | | style="background-color:hsla(30, 100%, 75%);" |Changes in gut microbiome affecting health and aging. | ||
|- | |- | ||
|style="text-align:center;" |[[File:Histopathology of acute and chronic inflammation of the gastro-esophageal junction, annotated.jpg|frameless|75x75px]] | | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:Histopathology of acute and chronic inflammation of the gastro-esophageal junction, annotated.jpg|frameless|75x75px]] | ||
|'''Inflammation''' | | style="background-color:hsla(30, 100%, 75%);" |'''Inflammation''' | ||
'''(Inflammaging)''' | '''(Inflammaging)''' | ||
|Systemic inflammation contributing to aging and related diseases. | | style="background-color:hsla(30, 100%, 75%);" |Systemic inflammation contributing to aging and related diseases. | ||
|- | |- | ||
|style="text-align:center;" |[[File:Cell structure (13080952404).jpg|frameless|99x99px]] | | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:Cell structure (13080952404).jpg|frameless|99x99px]] | ||
|'''Altered mechanical properties''' | | style="background-color:hsla(30, 100%, 75%);" |'''Altered mechanical properties''' | ||
|Changes in cellular and extracellular structure affecting tissue function. | | style="background-color:hsla(30, 100%, 75%);" |Changes in cellular and extracellular structure affecting tissue function. | ||
|} | |} | ||
==History== | ==History== | ||