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Hallmarks of Aging: Difference between revisions
→The 14 Hallmarks of Aging (2022)
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=== | === Five New Hallmarks of Aging (2022) === | ||
While these nine hallmarks have significantly advanced our understanding of aging and its relation to age-related diseases, recent critiques and evolving scientific evidence have prompted the scientific community to reconsider and expand this framework.{{pmid|34271186}} To address this, a symposium titled “New Hallmarks of Ageing” was held in Copenhagen on March 2022, where leading experts gathered to discuss potential additions and recontextualizations of these aging hallmarks. The symposium highlighted the critical need for an expanded, inclusive paradigm that encompasses newly identified processes contributing to aging. The discussions suggested the integration of five additional hallmarks | While these nine hallmarks have significantly advanced our understanding of aging and its relation to age-related diseases, recent critiques and evolving scientific evidence have prompted the scientific community to reconsider and expand this framework.{{pmid|34271186}} To address this, a symposium titled “New Hallmarks of Ageing” was held in Copenhagen on March 2022, where leading experts gathered to discuss potential additions and recontextualizations of these aging hallmarks. The symposium highlighted the critical need for an expanded, inclusive paradigm that encompasses newly identified processes contributing to aging. The discussions suggested the integration of five additional hallmarks: | ||
* compromised autophagy | |||
* dysregulation in RNA splicing | |||
* inflammation | |||
* loss of cytoskeleton integrity | |||
* disturbance of the microbiome (dysbiosis) | |||
These potential new hallmarks, along with the original nine, underscore a more comprehensive understanding of the aging process, acknowledging its multifaceted nature and its profound implications for human health and longevity.{{pmid|36040386}} | |||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
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!Category | !Category | ||
|- | |- | ||
| rowspan=" | | rowspan="5" style="background-color:hsla(195, 100%, 85%);" |'''Molecular<br>Level''' | ||
| style="text-align:center; background-color:hsla(180, 100%, 85%);" |[[File:DNA Structure+Key+Labelled.pn NoBB.png|frameless|76x76px]] | | style="text-align:center; background-color:hsla(180, 100%, 85%);" |[[File:DNA Structure+Key+Labelled.pn NoBB.png|frameless|76x76px]] | ||
| style="background-color:hsla(180, 100%, 85%);" |'''Genomic instability''' | | style="background-color:hsla(180, 100%, 85%);" |'''Genomic instability''' | ||
| style="background-color:hsla(180, 100%, 85%);" |Accumulation of DNA damage over time leading to cellular dysfunction. | | style="background-color:hsla(180, 100%, 85%);" |Accumulation of DNA damage over time leading to cellular dysfunction. | ||
|2013 | |2013 | ||
| rowspan=" | | rowspan="4" |'''Primary Hallmarks'''<br>(causes damage) | ||
|- | |- | ||
| style="text-align:center; background-color:hsla(180, 100%, 85%);" |[[File:Telomeres transparent.png|frameless|88x88px]] | | style="text-align:center; background-color:hsla(180, 100%, 85%);" |[[File:Telomeres transparent.png|frameless|88x88px]] | ||
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| style="background-color:hsla(180, 100%, 85%);" |Changes in DNA methylation and histone modification affecting gene expression. | | style="background-color:hsla(180, 100%, 85%);" |Changes in DNA methylation and histone modification affecting gene expression. | ||
|2013 | |2013 | ||
|- | |- | ||
| style="text-align:center; background-color:hsla(210, 100%, 85%);" |[[File:Stress signaling.png|frameless|95x95px]] | | style="text-align:center; background-color:hsla(210, 100%, 85%);" |[[File:Stress signaling.png|frameless|95x95px]] | ||
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| rowspan="4" |'''Antagonistic Hallmarks'''<br>(responses to damage) | | rowspan="4" |'''Antagonistic Hallmarks'''<br>(responses to damage) | ||
|- | |- | ||
| rowspan=" | | rowspan="7" style="background-color:hsla(15, 100%, 85%);" |'''Cellular &<br>Organismal<br>Level''' | ||
| style="text-align:center; background-color:hsla(0, 100%, 85%);" |[[File:Aiga restaurant knife-fork crossed.png|frameless|75x75px]] | | style="text-align:center; background-color:hsla(0, 100%, 85%);" |[[File:Aiga restaurant knife-fork crossed.png|frameless|75x75px]] | ||
| style="background-color:hsla(0, 100%, 85%);" |'''Deregulated nutrient sensing''' | | style="background-color:hsla(0, 100%, 85%);" |'''Deregulated nutrient sensing''' | ||
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| style="background-color:hsla(30, 100%, 85%);" |Decline in the regenerative capacity of stem cells affecting tissue repair. | | style="background-color:hsla(30, 100%, 85%);" |Decline in the regenerative capacity of stem cells affecting tissue repair. | ||
|2013 | |2013 | ||
| rowspan=" | | rowspan="4" |'''Integrative Hallmarks'''<br>(culprits of the phenotype) | ||
|- | |- | ||
| style="text-align:center; background-color:hsla(30, 100%, 85%);" |[[File:202004 Gut microbiota.svg|frameless|75x75px]] | | style="text-align:center; background-color:hsla(30, 100%, 85%);" |[[File:202004 Gut microbiota.svg|frameless|75x75px]] | ||
| style="background-color:hsla(30, 100%, 85%);" |''' | | style="background-color:hsla(30, 100%, 85%);" |'''Dysbiosis''' | ||
'''( | '''(Microbiome disturbance)''' | ||
| style="background-color:hsla(30, 100%, 85%);" |Changes in gut microbiome affecting health and aging. | | style="background-color:hsla(30, 100%, 85%);" |Changes in gut microbiome affecting health and aging. | ||
| | | | ||
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| style="background-color:hsla(30, 100%, 85%);" |Changes in cellular and extracellular structure affecting tissue function. | | style="background-color:hsla(30, 100%, 85%);" |Changes in cellular and extracellular structure affecting tissue function. | ||
|2013 | |2013 | ||
|} | |||
=== Potential Hallmarks of Aging === | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
|- | |||
| style="text-align:center; background-color:hsla(30, 100%, 85%);" | | |||
| style="background-color:hsla(30, 100%, 85%);" |'''Altered intercellular communication''' | |||
| style="background-color:hsla(30, 100%, 85%);" |Changes in cellular communication leading to inflammation and tissue dysfunction. | |||
|} | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
|- | |||
| style="text-align:center; background-color:hsla(180, 100%, 85%);" |[[File:Spinach (RNA).jpg|frameless|75x75px]] | |||
| style="background-color:hsla(180, 100%, 85%);" |'''Splicing dysregulation''' | |||
'''(Dysregulation in RNA splicing)''' | |||
| style="background-color:hsla(180, 100%, 85%);" |Impaired RNA construction from DNA, leading to cellular dysfunction. | |||
|2019{{pmid|31834493}} | |||
|} | |} | ||