Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10): Difference between revisions

Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) (view source)

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 CoQ<sub>10</sub> is not approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for the treatment of any medical condition.<ref name="NCI">{{cite web |last1= White |first1=J. |date= 14 May 2014 |title= PDQ® Coenzyme Q<sub>10</sub> |url= http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/pdq/cam/coenzymeQ10/HealthProfessional |publisher= [[National Cancer Institute]], [[National Institutes of Health]], [[United States Department of Health and Human Services|U.S. Dept. of Health and Human Services]] |access-date= 29 June 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.nice.org.uk/advice/es11/resources/mitochondrial-disorders-in-children-coenzyme-q10-pdf-1158110303173 |title=Mitochondrial disorders in children: Co-enzyme Q10 |date=28 March 2017 |publisher=National Institute for Health and Care Excellence |location=UK}}</ref> However, it is sold as a dietary supplement in the name of UbiQ 300 & UbiQ 100, not subject to the same regulations as medicinal drugs, and is an ingredient in some cosmetics.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Hojerová |first1=J |title=[Coenzyme Q10--its importance, properties and use in nutrition and cosmetics]. |journal=Ceska a Slovenska Farmacie: Casopis Ceske Farmaceuticke Spolecnosti a Slovenske Farmaceuticke Spolecnosti |date=May 2000 |volume=49 |issue=3 |pages=119–23 |pmid=10953455}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=What is coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) and why is it in skin care products? |url=https://www.webmd.com/beauty/qa/what-is-coenzyme-q10-coq10-and-why-is-it-in-skin-care-products |website=WebMD |language=en}}</ref> The manufacture of CoQ<sub>10</sub> is not regulated, and different batches and brands may vary significantly:<ref name="NCI" /> a 2004 laboratory analysis of CoQ<sub>10</sub> supplements on sale in the US found that some did not contain the quantity identified on the product label. Amounts ranged from "no detectable CoQ<sub>10</sub>", through 75% of stated dose, up to a 75% excess.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.consumerlab.com/news/coq10-coenzyme-q10-tests/01-13-2004/ |date= Jan 2004 |title= ConsumerLab.com finds discrepancies in strength of CoQ<sub>10</sub> supplements |website=ConsumerLab.com}}</ref>
+==Absorption and Metabolism==
+===Absorption===
+CoQ<sub>10</sub> is a crystalline powder insoluble in water. Absorption follows the same process as that of lipids; the uptake mechanism appears to be similar to that of vitamin E, another lipid-soluble nutrient. This process in the human body involves secretion into the small intestine of pancreatic enzymes and bile, which facilitates emulsification and micelle formation required for absorption of lipophilic substances.<ref name="Bhagavan">{{cite journal | vauthors = Bhagavan HN, Chopra RK | title = Coenzyme Q10: absorption, tissue uptake, metabolism and pharmacokinetics | journal = Free Radical Research | volume = 40 | issue = 5 | pages = 445–53 | date = May 2006 | pmid = 16551570 | doi = 10.1080/10715760600617843 | s2cid = 39001523 }}</ref> Food intake (and the presence of lipids) stimulates bodily biliary excretion of bile acids and greatly enhances absorption of CoQ<sub>10</sub>. Exogenous CoQ<sub>10</sub> is absorbed from the small intestine and is best absorbed if taken with a meal. Serum concentration of CoQ<sub>10</sub> in fed condition is higher than in fasting conditions.<ref>Bogentoft 1991{{Verify source|date=November 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Ochiai A, Itagaki S, Kurokawa T, Kobayashi M, Hirano T, Iseki K | title = Improvement in intestinal coenzyme q10 absorption by food intake | journal = Yakugaku Zasshi | volume = 127 | issue = 8 | pages = 1251–4 | date = August 2007 | pmid = 17666877 | doi = 10.1248/yakushi.127.1251 | doi-access = free | hdl = 2115/30144 | hdl-access = free }}{{Verify source|date=November 2010}}</ref>
+=== Metabolism===
+Data on the metabolism of CoQ<sub>10</sub> in animals and humans are limited.<ref name="Zmitek" /> A study with <sup>14</sup>C-labeled CoQ<sub>10</sub> in rats showed most of the radioactivity in the liver two hours after oral administration when the peak plasma radioactivity was observed, but CoQ<sub>9</sub> (with only 9 isoprenyl units) is the predominant form of coenzyme Q in rats.<ref>{{cite book |first1=H. |last1=Kishi |first2=N. |last2=Kanamori |first3=S. |last3=Nisii |first4=E. |last4=Hiraoka |first5=T. |last5=Okamoto |first6=T. |last6=Kishi |chapter=Metabolism and Exogenous Coenzyme Q<sub>10</sub> in vivo and Bioavailability of Coenzyme Q<sub>10</sub> Preparations in Japan |title=Biomedical and Clinical Aspects of Coenzyme Q |pages=131–142 |publisher=Elsevier |location=Amsterdam |year=1964}}</ref> It appears that CoQ<sub>10</sub> is metabolised in all tissues, while a major route for its elimination is biliary and fecal excretion. After the withdrawal of CoQ<sub>10</sub> supplementation, the levels return to normal within a few days, irrespective of the type of formulation used.<ref name="Ozawa" />
+===Pharmacokinetics===
+Some reports have been published on the [[Pharmacokinetics|pharmacokinetics]] of CoQ<sub>10</sub>. The [[Maximum Serum Concentration (Cmax)|plasma peak]] can be observed 2–6 hours after oral administration, depending mainly on the design of the study. In some studies, a second plasma peak also was observed at approximately 24 hours after administration, probably due to both enterohepatic recycling and redistribution from the liver to circulation.<ref name="Bhagavan" /> Tomono ''et al''. used deuterium-labeled crystalline CoQ10 to investigate pharmacokinetics in humans and determined an [[Elimination Half-Life|elimination half-time]] of 33 hours.''<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Tomono Y, Hasegawa J, Seki T, Motegi K, Morishita N | title = Pharmacokinetic study of deuterium-labelled coenzyme Q10 in man | journal = International Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, Therapy, and Toxicology | volume = 24 | issue = 10 | pages = 536–41 | date = October 1986 | pmid = 3781673 }}</ref>''
 == Biochemical Function ==
 CoQ<sub>10</sub> is integral to the electron transport chain on the inner membrane of mitochondria, facilitating the conversion of electrons from food into ATP. Its roles, however, extend beyond energy production. It is essential for uncoupling proteins and controls the permeability transition pore in mitochondria. Additionally, CoQ<sub>10</sub> is involved in extramitochondrial electron transport and affects membrane physicochemical properties. It impacts gene expression, which can alter overall metabolism. The primary alterations in energetic and antioxidant functions are believed to underpin its therapeutic effects {{pmid|35199552}}.